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2401 chapter 1
Anatomy & Physiology Marieb chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is Anatamoy? | Studies the structure of body parts |
| What is Physiology? | Concerns the function of the body |
| What are the topics of anatomy? | Regional anatomy, Systemic anatomy, surface anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy. |
| What are the two subdivision of microscopic anatomy? | Cytology - study of cells of the body Histology - study of tissues |
| What is the subdivision of developmental anatomy? | Embryology - concerns changes that occur before birth. |
| What are some highly specialized branches of anatomy that are used primarily for medical diagnosis and scientific research? | Pathological anatomy - studies structural changes caused by disease. Radiographic anatomy - studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray imaged for specialized scanning procedure. |
| What are palpation and auscultation means in anatomical terminology? | Palpation-feeling organs with your hands Auscultation-listening organ sounds with a stethoscope. |
| What are the topics of physiology? | Renal physiology, Neurophysiology, Cardiovascular physiology. |
| Explain the principle of complementarity of structure and function. | Function always reflects structure. What a structure can do depends on its specific form. |
| What is gross or macroscopic anatomy? | study of large body structure such as, the heart, lungs and kidneys. |
| What is regional anatomy? | All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc) in a particular region of the body such as abdomen or leg are examined at the same time. |
| What is systemic anatomy? | Body structure is studied system by system (e.g. cardiovascular system-examine heart and the blood vessels of the entire body.) |
| What is surface anatomy? | study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. |
| What is microscopic anatomy? | deal with structure too small to be seen with the naked eye. |
| What is developmental anatomy? | traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span. |
| What is renal physiology? | concerns kidney function and urine production. |
| What is neurophysiology do? | explains the working of nervous system. |
| What is cardiovascular physiology do? | examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels. |
| What are the levels of structural organization? | Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level. |
| Define organelles. | basic components of the microscopic cells. |
| Define cells. | Cells are the smallest unit of living things. |
| Explain the function of chemical level. | atoms combine to form molecules such as water and proteins. |
| Define atoms. | tiny building blocks of matter. |
| The simplest level of structural hierarchy is________. | Chemical level |
| ________ are the simplest living creatures. | single cells |
| _________are the groups of similar cells that have a common function. | Tissues |
| What are the four basic types of tissue in the human body? | Epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue. |
| What is the function of epithelium tissue? | covers the body surface and lines its cavities. |
| _____provides movement. | muscle |
| What is the function of connective tissue? | supports and protects body organs. |
| ______ provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses. | nervous tissue |
| _______ is a discrete structure composed of at least two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body. | organ |
| Organ that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an __________. | organ system |
| _______ is the highest level of organization, which is the living human being. | organism |
| ________ represent the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive. | organismal level |
| ______ consist of different organs that work together closely. | organ system |
| What are the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans? | Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, and reproduction. |
| What are the survival needs of the body? | Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure. |
| Every living organism must ___________ so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. | Maintain its boundaries. |
| _______ includes the activities promoted by the muscular system. | movement |
| ___________ is the ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them. | Responsiveness |
| __________ is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. | Digestion |
| ________ is the broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells. | metabolism |
| Breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks is the process of __________. | catabolism |
| ______ build more complex cellular structures from simpler substances. | anabolism |
| What are the 11 organ systems of the body? | Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lympathic/immunity, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. |
| _________ is the process of removing waste from the body. | excretion |
| _______ occurs at the cellular and the organismal level. | Reproduction |
| What are the functions of Integumentary system? | a.) Protects deeper organs from mechanical, chemical, and bacterial injury, and desiccation (drying out). b.) Excretes salts and urea. c.) aids in regulation of body temperature. d.) produces vitamin D. |
| What are the functions of skeletal system? | a. body support and protection of internal organs. b. provides levers for muscular action. c. cavities provide a site for blood cell formation. |
| What are the functions of muscular system? | Primary function is to contract or shorten; skeletal muscles allow locomotion (running, walking, etc.), grasping and manipulation of the environment, facial expression, and generates heat. |
| What are the functions of nervous system? | a. allows body to detect changes in its internal and external environment ad to respond to such information by activating appropriate muscles or glands. b. Helps maintain homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals. |
| ________ helps maintain body homeostasis, promotes growth and development; produces chemical "messengers" (hormones) that travel in the blood to exert their effects on various "target organs" of the body. | endocrine system |
| What are the functions of cardiovascular system? | A transport system that carried blood containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. b. The heart pumps blood |
| _______ picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood. | lympathic/immunity system |
| What are the functions of respiratory system? | a. keeps the blood continuously supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide. b. contributes to the acid-base balance of the blood via its carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system. |
| What are the functions of urinary system? | a. Rids the body nitrogen-containing wastes which result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids by body cells. b. Maintains water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. |
| ______ provides germ cells (sperm) for perpetuation of the species. | male reproductive system. |
| ______ provides germ cell (eggs); the female _____houses the developing fetus until birth; _______ glands provide nutrition for the infant. | Female reproductive system; uterus; mammary |
| ______ contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building. | nutrients |
| _____ is the single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounts for 60-80% of our body weight. | Water |
| If chemical reactions are to continue at life-sustaining rates, ___________ must be maintained. | normal body temperature |
| Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on _________ atmospheric pressure. | appropriate |
| _______ is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body. | atmospheric pressure |
| Define homeostasis. | is a dynamic states of equilibrium, or balance in which internal conditions vary, but always relatively narrow limits. |
| What are the three components of homeostatic control mechanisms? | Receptor, control center, and effector. |
| _______ is some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called, _____. | Receptor; stimuli |
| Input flows from the receptor to the control center along the so-called______. | afferent pathway |
| _________ determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained. | control center |
| ______ provides the means for the control center response to the stimuli. | Effector |
| ________ cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning to its "ideal" value. | Negative feedback mechanism. |
| ________, the result of response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. | Positive feedback mechanism. |
| Homeostasis is important that most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance, called ___________. | Homeostatic imbalance. |
| Describe the anatomical position. | The body is erect, with feet slightly apart, the face and the palms face forward and and the thumbs point away from the body. |
| __________ allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another. | Directional terms |
| The anatomical reference point is a standard body position called __________. | anatomical position |
| Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above | superior |
| Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below | inferior |
| Toward or at the front of the body; in front of | Ventral (anterior) |
| Toward or at the back of the body; behind | dorsal (posterior) |
| Toward or at the medline fo the body; on the inner side of | Medial |
| Away from the medline of the body; on the outer side of | lateral |
| Between a more medial or a more lateral structure. | intermediate |
| Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. | Proximal |
| Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. | Distal |
| Toward or at the body surface. | Superficial (external) |
| Away from the body surface, more internal. | Deep (internal) |
| ________, which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the heart, neck and trunk. | Axial part |
| _________, consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body axis. | Appendicular part |
| ________ used to designate specific body areas | Regional terms |
| Name the body parts in cephalic region. | Ventral: Frontal, orbital, nasal, oral, mental. Dorsal: Otic, occipital (back of head). |
| What is the science terminology of the neck? | Cervical |
| Name the body parts within thoracic region. | Sternal, axillary, and mammary. |
| What is the part in abdominal region? | Umbilical |
| What is the body part in pelvic region? | Inguinal (groin) |
| What part is in the pubic region? | genital |
| What are the parts within upper limb areas? | Ventral: Acromial, brachial (arm), antecubital, antebrachial (forearm), carpal (wrist) Dorsal: Olecranal |
| Name the body parts within the manus (hand) area. | Ventral: Pollex, palmar, digital. Dorsal: Metacarpal |
| Name the body parts within the lower limb area. | Ventral: Coxal (hip), femoral (thigh), patellar, crural (leg), Fibualr or peroneal. Dorsal: Popliteal, sural (calf) |
| Name the body parts within the pedal or foot areas. | Tarsal (ankle), metatarsal, calcaneal, plantar, digital, hallux. |
| Name the body parts at the back area or dorsal. | Scapular, vertebral, lumbar, sacral, gluteal, perineal (between anus and external genetalia.) |
| Name the body planes. | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes. |
| Name the body sections. | Frontal section, transverse section, and median section. |
| Define plane. | an imaginary surface or line of the body. |
| Define section. | a cut surface of the body. |
| What are the two large body cavities? | Dorsal and Ventral body cavities. |
| What are the cavities in dorsal area? | cranial and vertebral or spinal cavity. |
| What are the cavities in ventral area? | thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic body cavities. |
| What cavity that contains the lungs? | Plural cavity. |
| What is the name of the cavity that contains the heart? | Pericardial cavity |
| what is the medial of thoracic cavity? | mediastinum |
| What organ that divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? | Diaphragm |
| The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double-layered membrane called ____________. | serosa or serous membrane. |
| The part of membrane lining the cavity walls called_______. | parietal serosa. |
| It folds in on itself to form the _______ covering the organs in the cavity. | visceral serosa. |
| The serous membrane are separated not by air but by a thin layer of lubricating fluid called ____________. | serous fluid. |
| The __________ lines the pericardial cavity and folds back as the __________, which covers the heart. | Parietal pericardium; visceral pericardium. |
| The ________ line the walls of the thoracic cavity and the __________ cover the lungs. | Parietal pleurae; visceral pleurae. |
| The __________ is associated with the walls of abdominopelvic cavity, while the _______ covers most of the organs within that cavity. | Parietal peritoneum; visceral peritoneum. |
| What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants? | Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ) |
| What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions? | Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac (inguinal), hypogastric, and left iliac (inguinal) regions. |
Created by:
lhen
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