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Biology 100
for test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genetic Recombination | occurs in nature through sexual reproduction and some viruses. |
| Genetic Engineering | is a form of genetic recombination that differs in that genes can be inserted from other species - this is called Recombination DNA. Living things produced in this way are called "genetically modified organisms" or GMOs. |
| Restriction Enzymes | from bacteria cut genes in particular places, allowing insertion of genes, usually into a bacterial places, allowing insertion of genes, usually into bacterial plasmid. This is a key step in making GMOs. |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | is a way to make billions of copies of DNA in a few hours - important for working with small amounts of DNA, as in identifying a subject from a piece of hair and many scientific studies with genes. |
| One example of Recombinant DNA | the human insulin gene is inserted into bacteria, which then produce human insulin to be used by diabetics. |
| Gene Technology is important in forensic science | DNA from crime scene compared with DNA from suspects; Also useful in identifying parents with certainty and in identifying the remains of unidentified persons. This is called "DNA fingerprinting" |
| Gene Therapy in medicine | replacing defective genes, by inserting them into viruses and infecting the patient. |
| Knockout Mice | mice are made susceptible to human disorders by knocking out (removing) key genes. For example, we could make mice that are susceptible to diabetes. |
| Applications in Agriculture | round up ready soybeans have genes inserted that make them resistant to Round up herbicide. |
| Bt corn has Bt genes | genes from bacteria inserted that are toxic to insects and thus produces its own pesticide. |
| Natural Selection | overview of what it is and Darwin's contribution Galapagos Island and adaptive radiation in Darwin's Finches. Darwin's use of evidence from artificial selection, breeding of domestic organism, such as pigeons, dogs, and vegetables. |
| Archaeopterysx evidence | an intermediate between a small dinosaur (reptile)and a bird. It has the teeth and the bones of the 2 - legged dinosaur and the feathers and wings of a bird. (An evidence of a fossil) |
| Evidence from fossils that whales evolved from | 4-legged land mammals related to cattle and the hippopotamus. (An evidence of a fossil) |
| Dr. Jim Farlow's (IPFW Geology) evidence | that now extinct species of camels and rhinoceroses occurred in what is now Indiana about 5-million years aga. (evidence of a fossil) |
| homologous structures | are inherited from common ancestors and are based on common genes (structural similarity of vertebrate forelimbs) |
| Analogous structures | are due to morphological convergence - examples include wings of birds, bats, and insects. The body forms of marine vertebrates, including dolphins (mammal), ichthyosaur (extinct reptile), penguins (bird), shark (fish). similarities are not do to common a |
| evidence of patterns of development | organisms with common ancestorsw are most similar in their embryological development. (example: fish like appearence of early embryos of fish, reptiles, birds, and humans.) Changes in growth patterns result in the differences between humans and chimps in |
| evidence from comparative biochemistry | species with common ancestors show strong similarities in their genes and protiens. |
| Gene pool | all of the genes of the species. Microevolution is a reflection of changes in the gene pool (or gene frequency) of the population or species. |
| microevolution | mechanisms of changing gene (allele) frequencies in populations |
| mutation | humans 175 mutations per person per generation |
| migration | also called "gene flow" |
| genetic drift | includes founder effects and bottleneck effect |
| natural selection | is the key mechanism by witch organism adapt to their environments. the genetic variation of which natual selection acts is based in part on random mutations. |
| diractional selection | selection favoring one extreme over the other; examples: peppered moths in England, pesticide resistance in insects, antibiotic resistence in bacteria, leg lenght in lizards, hair color desert mice; algea evolving toward faster growth and loss of defences |
| stsabilizing selection | extremes are less fit; common but results in no change in the mean; (example: birth size in humans; body size in sociable weaver birds.) |
| disruptive selection | extremes are favored, median is selected against; rare; example: beal size in african fenches |
| blood | is a kind of connected tissues |
| gene therapy | is the transfer of normal genes into body cells to connect a genetic effect. |
| in the early history on life on earth, which is the correct evolutionary sequence; | anaerobic bacteria, cyanobacteria, aerobic bacteria |
| the first eukaryotes were | protists |
| can you repair nerves using stem cells? | yes but not fully |
| hair | mostly protien |
| which of the following is most related to a penguin? | sparrow |
| which of the following is most closely related to a whale? | bat |
| which of the following pairs of species are most closely related in ancestry? | bat and whale |
| sexual selection | favors traits that are attractive to the opposite sex; example: big bright feathers in many male birds, such as birds of paradise; fighting ability in male elephant seals, deep calls in frogs, long eye stalks in stalk-eyed flies. |
| balanced polymorphism | heterozygote advantage: prevalence of sickle cell anemia in Africa. Heterozygotes are protected from malaria, while the homozygous recessive genotype suffers from sever anemia. |
| genetic drift | random changes in genes that occur in small population |
| bottlenecks | loss of genetic diversity when a population is reduced to very low abundance Examples include cheetahs and elephant seals. |
| founder effect | very low genetic diversity when a population is started by a small number of colonists. |
| gene flow | occurs when immigrants enter from distant populations. |
| speciation | the formation of new species. |
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