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byzantine empire
wc 10
Question | Answer |
---|---|
eastern half of split of Rome | byzantine empire |
the capital of the Byzantine empire | constantinople |
the emperor during height of rome | justinian |
the emperor's wife helped to save his throne using political talents and determination; first womens suffrage activist | Theodora |
the laws of the empire recorded in a collection of books | corpus of civil law |
church officials such as priests and bishops | clergy |
church members who were not church officials | laity |
religious images, in worship; big controversey over this | icons |
the emperor's wife helped to save his throne using political talents and determination; first womens suffrage activist | Emptheodora |
believed that the use of religious images encouraged superstittion and idol-worship, so he ordered all such images removed from churches or destroyed | Emperor Leo III |
major population and lived mainly in the central part of Rome | greeks |
Also included in the empire... | • Egyptians • Syrians • Arabs • Armenians • Jews • Persians • Slavs • Turks |
Located on a | peninsula |
having all these diverse people gave the byzantine empire _______ ________ | international character |
the narrow strait between the sea of marma and black sea | bosporus |
The site of capital offered | natural protection from attack by land • Water protected on three sides • Triple walls fortified the side open to attack by land • Later huge chain was strung on narrow mouth of deep harbor on north side for greater protection |
what was constantinople located near | the centers of early Christianity as well as major trade routes |
The straits also made the peninsula a ___ ____ __ _____ | natural crossroad for trade |
why was constantinople built strategically | because it was where asia and euorpe met |
Constantinople was known as new _____ | rome |
was called new rome because??? 2 reasons | ○ This was because its emperors were romans who spoke Latin ○ Many wealthy families came from Rome |
the narrow strait between the sea of marma and black sea | bosporus |
• Lands that once part of Greek world formed ______ of byz. Emp | heart |
• The people spoke ____ and stressed _____ heritage | Greek Greek |
The straits also made the peninsula a ___ ____ __ _____ | natural crossroad for trade |
• Eventually _____ was emperors officially language used Greek instead of Latin | greek |
Developed distinct form of Christianity known as __________ _________ | eastern orthodox |
was called new rome because??? 2 reasons | ○ This was because its emperors were romans who spoke Latin ○ Many wealthy families came from Rome |
In addition to Greek heritage and religion came cultural influences from _____ | Persia |
Between ad 500 and AD 1200 the civ was one of most _______- in the world and had higher standard of living than western Europe | advanced |
• The people spoke ____ and stressed _____ heritage | Greek Greek |
Developed distinct form of Christianity known as __________ _________ | eastern orthodox |
In addition to Greek heritage and religion came cultural influences from _____ | Persia |
the son of prosperous peasants from Macedonia in the western part of the empire | justinian |
justinians nickname | Emperor Who Never Sleeps |
justinian was emperor at age | 44 |
Justinian's wife who was beautiful intelligent and ambitious | theodora |
Theadora;s occupation | an actress-a profession held in low esteem by empire |
Theodora was especially concerned with improving the social standing of _____ | women |
what was decree that theodora got justinian to issue | that gave women right to own land in the value to the wealth she brought with her marriage |
in what instance did theodora help to save the throne of her husband | tax payers had a huge revolt Justinian was urged to leave built Theodora persuaded to stay in control |
justinian army crushed rebels which killed | 30,000 people |
justinian died in AD | 565 |
During justianains the empire faced serious military threat from the ____ | east |
Empire of ____ grew and threatened to conquer | persia |
persia was under rule of | Chosroes |
byzantine ____ persians | defeated |
they won after agreed to pay tribute in return for _____ | peace |
justianian dreamed of conquerring more ____ | land |
under this gerneral the army became strengthened and reconized | belsarius |
fought series of war against 3 peoples, ____ ____ and ______ | vandals osthgoths visigoths |
they ___ and expanded kingdom | won |
what did the war do to byzantine | it was expensive and depleted resources and funds |
the emperor ordered _______ | construction |
they built | ○ New roads ○ Fortresses ○ Aqueducts ○ Monasteries And other buildings |
§ Church § "holy wisdom" § The largest and most beautiful church in the empire § Still stands today § The world's great architechtiul landmarks | Hagia Sophia |
Preserved Rome's legal heritage & later became the basis for most European legal systems; made by 10 scholars | corpus of civil law or justinians codes |
______ were regarded as God's representatives on earth | Emperors |
Emperors and empresses were crowned by the ______ of Constantinople and took oath to defend Christian faith | patriarch |
Emperors played major roles in church affairs; 3 major | Appointed church officials Defined the style of worship And used wealth of church for Gov. purpose |
what emperor strengthened control over church by intervening in disputes over church beliefs. He also tried to unify the empire under one Christian faith | Justinian |
theologian who wrote many religious articles defending icons | John Damascus |
The roman's ____ involvement of controversy strained relations between eastern and western | pope |
approved the use of icons | A church council in Nicaea |
first woman to hold byzantine thrown- allowed the use of icons | empresses Irene |
The eastern church further settled the issue allowing the use of _____ but not statues in worship | pictures |
reasons for schism | use of icons authority over pope vs. patriarch and the pope giving charlamge the title as emperor |
Germanic Lombard's invaded central ____ | Italy |
When byz. Emperor refused to give pope protection the pope turned to ______ | franks |
Germanic catholic people in western Europe | franks |
three difference that Led to schism | ○ DOCTRINAL ○ POLITICAL ○ GEOGRAPHICAL |
The byzantine was a brilliant center of ______ and __________ | civilization and literature |
religious teachings | theology |
• Life was dived into hierachy of social groups • Could easily switch form one to another Flexibility brought variety and change to byzantine life | byzantine life |
_______ was center of social life | Family |
Women lived in partial ____ | seclusion |
______ beceme well educated and influential in Gov. | Women |
temporary soldiers; most were women | regents |
most made living throught 1 of 3 jobs | farming, herding, laboring |
Base of economy | agriculture |
Commerce thrived in Constantinople mainly because it was .... | ○ Site of natural crossroads for trade |
what did they trade | agricultural goods; and enslaved people |
nicname for busy harbor | The Golden Horn |
name some items that came from various places | ○ Brought cloves and sandalwood (east indies) ○ Pepper (india) ○ Copper (" ") ○ Gems (" ") ○ Silk (china) |
Major industry= | weaving silk |
______went to china stole silkworm eggs ○ Hid them in hollow bamboo ○ Smuggled out of china ○ Fed on mulberry leaves ○ Spun silk that made the empire wealthy | monks |
popular art items | icons; jewel encrusted crosses; and ivory boxes |
what was man inspiration for art | RELIFIOUS SUBJECTS |
pictures made of tiny pieces of colored glass or flat stone set in plaster | mosaics |
books decorate with elaborate designs, beautiful lettering, and miniature paintings | illuminated manuscripts |
____ and learning was important | schools |
established in AD 850; trained scholars and lawyers for Gov. jobs | University of Constantinople |
Church provided religious schools to train priests and theological scholars the areas covered were: | ○ Religious subjects ○ Medicine ○ Law ○ Philophosy ○ Arithmetic ○ Geometry ○ Astronomy ○ Grammar ○ Music |
Wealthy people hired tutors espcially _____ because they were not accepted to schools and univerities | daughters |
Literature focused on salvation of the soul and obedience to God's will | what she said |
____ schools for any child | Free |
Authors wrote about lives of ____- | saints |
this Provided readers | with moral lessons and accounts of miracles and adventures |
the first occupation of scholars was | copying the writings of the ancient Greeks and romans |
By preserving ancient works _______________ and _______the byzantine helped spread classical knowledge to the western world | on science medicine and mathematics |
religious communities | monastaries |
monks.... | sought to develop spiritual way of life apart from temptations of world ○ Help others by doing good deeds ○ Set example for Christian living |
Christian women who did the same were called nuns and lived in their own quarters called _____ | convents |
the monastaries and convents ran _____ and ________ | hospitals and schools |
people who carry a religious message to neighboring peoples to convert them to Christian faith | missionaries |
two famous missionaries | cyrill and methodosious |
what did cyril and methodosious do | ® They reasoned that Christianity would be more acceptable to Slavic people if it was presented in own language ® Cyril devised alphabet for Slavic languages ® Known today as Cyrillic ® When Cyril and Methodius translated bible and church ceremonies to |
Byzantine empire suffered form frequent attacks from... | • Lombard's- took over • Slavs • Avars • Bulgars • Persians Arabs- new enemy |
____ were at walls of Constantinople | Slavs |
A brilliant counter attack stopped the ___ advance | slav |
The ___ entered the scene | Arabs |
arabs sought to | spread islamic faith and gain wealth |
the byz. empire lost all land but faithfully defended | constantinople |
the empire then reduced to just territories that were primarily ____ | Greek |
the loss of non-Greek land strengthened the empire cause it had one ____, _____,____ | religion, one language, one culture |
_____ seized italu | normans |
tried to gain lands with help of venice but | failed |
Islamic people that defeated Byzantines at manzikert | the seljuk turks |
who looted burned stole artwork and manuscrpts | christians from west and venetians |
condemened the christians and venetiNS | Pope Innocent III |
causes of decline | fighting;the ottoman turks took over provinces; food was scarce; wealth was gone |
AD ____ Ottomans blew cannons at city walls and Byzantines fought fiercely till last emperor was killed Neighboring kingdoms | 1453 |
First officially Christian country in the world | armenia |
Armenian scholar- a monk developed Armenian alphabet | merson |
Armenia became battlefields among ______, _____, ANd _______ | ottomans, Persians and Russians |
led the georgians to prosper throgh trade | silk road |
GEORGIA WAS CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY BY ___ | nino |
During 1100 and 1200s enjoyed golden age of freedom and culture under | queen tamara |
georgia fell to | rusian empire |
slavs and bulgars settled here under king simeon;ottomans invaded | bulgaria |
accepted cyrilic alphabet; under stefan duscan; battle of kosovo lost to ottomans | serbia |