wc 10
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| eastern half of split of Rome | byzantine empire
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| the capital of the Byzantine empire | constantinople
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| the emperor during height of rome | justinian
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| the emperor's wife helped to save his throne using political talents and determination; first womens suffrage activist | Theodora
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| the laws of the empire recorded in a collection of books | corpus of civil law
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| church officials such as priests and bishops | clergy
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| church members who were not church officials | laity
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| religious images, in worship; big controversey over this | icons
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| the emperor's wife helped to save his throne using political talents and determination; first womens suffrage activist | Emptheodora
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| believed that the use of religious images encouraged superstittion and idol-worship, so he ordered all such images removed from churches or destroyed | Emperor Leo III
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| major population and lived mainly in the central part of Rome | greeks
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| Also included in the empire... | • Egyptians
• Syrians
• Arabs
• Armenians
• Jews
• Persians
• Slavs
• Turks
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| Located on a | peninsula
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| having all these diverse people gave the byzantine empire _______ ________ | international character
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| the narrow strait between the sea of marma and black sea | bosporus
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| The site of capital offered | natural protection from attack by land • Water protected on three sides
• Triple walls fortified the side open to attack by land
• Later huge chain was strung on narrow mouth of deep harbor on north side for greater protection
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| what was constantinople located near | the centers of early Christianity as well as major trade routes
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| The straits also made the peninsula a ___ ____ __ _____ | natural crossroad for trade
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| why was constantinople built strategically | because it was where asia and euorpe met
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| Constantinople was known as new _____ | rome
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| was called new rome because??? 2 reasons | ○ This was because its emperors were romans who spoke Latin
○ Many wealthy families came from Rome
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| the narrow strait between the sea of marma and black sea | bosporus
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| • Lands that once part of Greek world formed ______ of byz. Emp | heart
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| • The people spoke ____ and stressed _____ heritage | Greek Greek
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| The straits also made the peninsula a ___ ____ __ _____ | natural crossroad for trade
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| • Eventually _____ was emperors officially language used Greek instead of Latin | greek
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| Developed distinct form of Christianity known as __________ _________ | eastern orthodox
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| was called new rome because??? 2 reasons | ○ This was because its emperors were romans who spoke Latin
○ Many wealthy families came from Rome
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| In addition to Greek heritage and religion came cultural influences from _____ | Persia
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| Between ad 500 and AD 1200 the civ was one of most _______- in the world and had higher standard of living than western Europe | advanced
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| • The people spoke ____ and stressed _____ heritage | Greek Greek
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| Developed distinct form of Christianity known as __________ _________ | eastern orthodox
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| In addition to Greek heritage and religion came cultural influences from _____ | Persia
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| the son of prosperous peasants from Macedonia in the western part of the empire | justinian
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| justinians nickname | Emperor Who Never Sleeps
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| justinian was emperor at age | 44
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| Justinian's wife who was beautiful intelligent and ambitious | theodora
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| Theadora;s occupation | an actress-a profession held in low esteem by empire
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| Theodora was especially concerned with improving the social standing of _____ | women
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| what was decree that theodora got justinian to issue | that gave women right to own land in the value to the wealth she brought with her marriage
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| in what instance did theodora help to save the throne of her husband | tax payers had a huge revolt Justinian was urged to leave built Theodora persuaded to stay in control
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| justinian army crushed rebels which killed | 30,000 people
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| justinian died in AD | 565
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| During justianains the empire faced serious military threat from the ____ | east
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| Empire of ____ grew and threatened to conquer | persia
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| persia was under rule of | Chosroes
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| byzantine ____ persians | defeated
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| they won after agreed to pay tribute in return for _____ | peace
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| justianian dreamed of conquerring more ____ | land
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| under this gerneral the army became strengthened and reconized | belsarius
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| fought series of war against 3 peoples, ____ ____ and ______ | vandals
osthgoths
visigoths
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| they ___ and expanded kingdom | won
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| what did the war do to byzantine | it was expensive and depleted resources and funds
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| the emperor ordered _______ | construction
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| they built | ○ New roads
○ Fortresses
○ Aqueducts
○ Monasteries
And other buildings
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| § Church § "holy wisdom" § The largest and most beautiful church in the empire § Still stands today § The world's great architechtiul landmarks | Hagia Sophia
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| Preserved Rome's legal heritage & later became the basis for most European legal systems; made by 10 scholars | corpus of civil law or justinians codes
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| ______ were regarded as God's representatives on earth | Emperors
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| Emperors and empresses were crowned by the ______ of Constantinople and took oath to defend Christian faith | patriarch
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| Emperors played major roles in church affairs; 3 major | Appointed church officials
Defined the style of worship
And used wealth of church for Gov. purpose
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| what emperor strengthened control over church by intervening in disputes over church beliefs. He also tried to unify the empire under one Christian faith | Justinian
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| theologian who wrote many religious articles defending icons | John Damascus
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| The roman's ____ involvement of controversy strained relations between eastern and western | pope
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| approved the use of icons | A church council in Nicaea
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| first woman to hold byzantine thrown- allowed the use of icons | empresses Irene
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| The eastern church further settled the issue allowing the use of _____ but not statues in worship | pictures
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| reasons for schism | use of icons
authority over pope vs. patriarch
and the pope giving charlamge the title as emperor
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| Germanic Lombard's invaded central ____ | Italy
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| When byz. Emperor refused to give pope protection the pope turned to ______ | franks
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| Germanic catholic people in western Europe | franks
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| three difference that Led to schism | ○ DOCTRINAL
○ POLITICAL
○ GEOGRAPHICAL
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| The byzantine was a brilliant center of ______ and __________ | civilization and literature
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| religious teachings | theology
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| • Life was dived into hierachy of social groups • Could easily switch form one to another Flexibility brought variety and change to byzantine life | byzantine life
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| _______ was center of social life | Family
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| Women lived in partial ____ | seclusion
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| ______ beceme well educated and influential in Gov. | Women
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| temporary soldiers; most were women | regents
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| most made living throught 1 of 3 jobs | farming, herding, laboring
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| Base of economy | agriculture
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| Commerce thrived in Constantinople mainly because it was .... | ○ Site of natural crossroads for trade
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| what did they trade | agricultural goods; and enslaved people
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| nicname for busy harbor | The Golden Horn
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| name some items that came from various places | ○ Brought cloves and sandalwood (east indies)
○ Pepper (india)
○ Copper (" ")
○ Gems (" ")
○ Silk (china)
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| Major industry= | weaving silk
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| ______went to china stole silkworm eggs ○ Hid them in hollow bamboo ○ Smuggled out of china ○ Fed on mulberry leaves ○ Spun silk that made the empire wealthy | monks
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| popular art items | icons; jewel encrusted crosses; and ivory boxes
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| what was man inspiration for art | RELIFIOUS SUBJECTS
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| pictures made of tiny pieces of colored glass or flat stone set in plaster | mosaics
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| books decorate with elaborate designs, beautiful lettering, and miniature paintings | illuminated manuscripts
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| ____ and learning was important | schools
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| established in AD 850; trained scholars and lawyers for Gov. jobs | University of Constantinople
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| Church provided religious schools to train priests and theological scholars the areas covered were: | ○ Religious subjects
○ Medicine
○ Law
○ Philophosy
○ Arithmetic
○ Geometry
○ Astronomy
○ Grammar
○ Music
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| Wealthy people hired tutors espcially _____ because they were not accepted to schools and univerities | daughters
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| Literature focused on salvation of the soul and obedience to God's will | what she said
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| ____ schools for any child | Free
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| Authors wrote about lives of ____- | saints
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| this Provided readers | with moral lessons and accounts of miracles and adventures
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| the first occupation of scholars was | copying the writings of the ancient Greeks and romans
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| By preserving ancient works _______________ and _______the byzantine helped spread classical knowledge to the western world | on science medicine and mathematics
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| religious communities | monastaries
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| monks.... | sought to develop spiritual way of life apart from temptations of world
○ Help others by doing good deeds
○ Set example for Christian living
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| Christian women who did the same were called nuns and lived in their own quarters called _____ | convents
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| the monastaries and convents ran _____ and ________ | hospitals and schools
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| people who carry a religious message to neighboring peoples to convert them to Christian faith | missionaries
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| two famous missionaries | cyrill and methodosious
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| what did cyril and methodosious do | ® They reasoned that Christianity would be more acceptable to Slavic people if it was presented in own language
® Cyril devised alphabet for Slavic languages
® Known today as Cyrillic
® When Cyril and Methodius translated bible and church ceremonies to
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| Byzantine empire suffered form frequent attacks from... | • Lombard's- took over
• Slavs
• Avars
• Bulgars
• Persians
Arabs- new enemy
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| ____ were at walls of Constantinople | Slavs
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| A brilliant counter attack stopped the ___ advance | slav
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| The ___ entered the scene | Arabs
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| arabs sought to | spread islamic faith and gain wealth
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| the byz. empire lost all land but faithfully defended | constantinople
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| the empire then reduced to just territories that were primarily ____ | Greek
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| the loss of non-Greek land strengthened the empire cause it had one ____, _____,____ | religion, one language, one culture
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| _____ seized italu | normans
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| tried to gain lands with help of venice but | failed
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| Islamic people that defeated Byzantines at manzikert | the seljuk turks
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| who looted burned stole artwork and manuscrpts | christians from west and venetians
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| condemened the christians and venetiNS | Pope Innocent III
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| causes of decline | fighting;the ottoman turks took over provinces; food was scarce; wealth was gone
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| AD ____ Ottomans blew cannons at city walls and Byzantines fought fiercely till last emperor was killed Neighboring kingdoms | 1453
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| First officially Christian country in the world | armenia
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| Armenian scholar- a monk developed Armenian alphabet | merson
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| Armenia became battlefields among ______, _____, ANd _______ | ottomans, Persians and Russians
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| led the georgians to prosper throgh trade | silk road
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| GEORGIA WAS CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY BY ___ | nino
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| During 1100 and 1200s enjoyed golden age of freedom and culture under | queen tamara
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| georgia fell to | rusian empire
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| slavs and bulgars settled here under king simeon;ottomans invaded | bulgaria
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| accepted cyrilic alphabet; under stefan duscan; battle of kosovo lost to ottomans | serbia
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