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Bio Unit 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Transcription | DNA -> RNA. "rewriting" |
| Translation | RNA -> Protein. "translating" |
| Archibald Garrod | First to suggest genes dictate phenotype through production of enzymes. |
| Beadle and Tatum | worked with mold that was mutated through repeated x-ray exposure. their work led to one gene -> one enzyme. |
| alkaptonuria | disease that turns urine black |
| Protein synthesis in proky | transcription does not occur in nucleus; transcription and translation are simultaneous. |
| RNA make-up | single helix; ribose, uracil instead of thymine |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; "carries recipe" from nucleus to ribosome |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; "ingredients"; transfers amino acids to ribosome |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA;"chef"; primary component of ribosome; most abundant RNA; synthethized in nucleolus |
| promoter | a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the beginning of a gene |
| RNA polymerase | adds nucleotides 5'->3'; no primer required |
| template strand | the side RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to; AKA non-coding strand |
| termination signal | what stops transcription |
| codon | group of 3 nucleotides; AKA reading frame |
| start codon (methyanine) | AUG |
| stop codons | UAA UAG UGA |
| composition of ribosome subunits | rRNA and protein |
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | enzyme that joins amino acid to correct tRNA; 20 of them, one for each amino acid; ATP used to form covalent bond |
| wobble | third nucleotide of mRNA codon can be one of any of the four |
| A site, P site, and E site | A- holds tRNA carrying next amino acid; P- holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain; E-where tRNA exits ribosome |
| translocation | shifting of tRNA's |
| release factor | pairs with stop codon, ending translation |
| polyribosomes | multiple ribosomes that translate the same mRNA multiple times; prok and euk |
| operon | promoter+operator+all genes required for metabolic pathway |
| operator | "on-off" switch located either close to or within the promoter; controls whether or not RNA polymerase can bind to promoter region; therefore determines whether genes are transcribed and translated |
| repressor | protein that binds to operator and prevents attachment of RNA polymerase to promoter |
| regulatory gene | gene that controls repressor protein |
| inducible operons | operons that are usually off, but can be turned on; ex. lac Operon |
| repressible operons | operons that are normally on, but can be turned off; inhibited when a specific molecule binds allostertically to regulatory protein; EX. trp Operon |
| lac Operon | regulates transcription of genes required to breakdown lactose; when lactose available, it binds with repressor, inactivating it. |
| trp operon | repressible operon; controls 5 enzymes required to synthesize tryptophan when it is not available. when trp is present binds to repressor, activating it and turning off enzyme production |
| co-repressor | molecule that works with a repressor protein to switch an operon off; ex. tryptophan |
| activators | protein that make it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to DNA, facilitating transcription of operon genes |
| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | triggers release of activator protein known as CAP, which then binds to promoter and facilitates binding of RNA polymerase; occurs when glucose concentration is down and lactose is present. |
| TATA box | repreated T's and A's that identify the transcription site |
| transcription factors | proteins that recognize the TATA box, bind to it, and allow attachment of RNA polymerase |
| polyadenylation signal | AAUAAA, stops transcription |
| RNA transcript or pre-mRNA | what the RNA is known as right after transcription is done and before editing |
| introns | non-coding DNA |
| exons | DNA left after introns cut out in mRNA that EXit the nucleus and are EXpressed |
| snRNPs | protein and RNA that splices the pre-mRNA, removing introns, and creating a splicesome |
| 5' cap | guanine nucleotide that "caps" the 5' end of mRNA; protects RNA, binds with small subunit of ribosome |
| poly A tail | additional adenine nucleotides added to 3' end of mRNA after polyadenylation signal; marker in cytoplasm after leaving nucleus |
| purpose of 5' cap and poly A tail | help mRNA leave the nucleus; protect the mRNA; and facilitate the attachment of ribosomes to the 5' end of mRNA |
| totipotent | have the ability to differentiate into all cell types |
| pluripotent | can become any body cell |
| IPS | induced pluripotent stem cells; coaxed to go backwards |
| three mechanisms of eukaryotic gene expression | 1) regulation of chromatin structure 2) regulation of initiation of transcription 3) post-transcriptional regulation |
| histones | proteins that DNA wraps around; held by charge attraction; histones have + charge |
| nucleosome | cluster of histones |
| linkers | stretches of DNA between nucleosomes |
| heterochromatin | more highly compacted; thicker; more dense |
| euchromatin | looser; less compacted; genes being transcribed |
| acetyl group | (-COCH3), when added to N-end of histone "tail", neutralizes charge; coil loosens; DNA becomes more transcribable |
| DNA methylation | CH3; addition of methyl groups to certain bases (most often cytosine) deactivates DNA;EX. inactivated X chromosome in females |
| epigenetics | traits, characteristics, that are beyond DNA, methylation expresses DNA differently |
| enhancer sequences | DNA sequences; may be located far "upstream" from promoter; bind activator proteins |
| silencers | bind to repressor proteins |
| types of post-transcriptional regulation | degradation od mRNA; translation; protein processing & degradation |
| RNAi | RNA interference; binds with mRNA and stops translating |
| noncoding RNAs | not translated; appear to play an important role in regulating gene expression |
| microRNAs (miRNAs) | formed from longer RNA starnd that creates hairpin loop; then cut by dicer enzyme; binds to RNA, blocks translation |
| small interferring RNAs (siRNas) | similar to miRNAS; longer original RNA strand; more hairpins, more siRNAs |
| chromosomal mutations | often due to mistakes made in prophase I (crossing over) |
| reciprocal translocation | exchange between two non-homologues |
| point mutations | change in DNA invlolving single nucleoide; occurs in replication; rare b/c DNA polymerase proofreads; 2 types: substitution and frameshift |
| types of substitution | 1) silent; redundancy/wobble or on intron (no change) 2) nonsense; turns amino acid into stop codon; nonsense=no more 3)missense; changes to different amino acid |
| frameshift | due to addition or deletion of nucleotide pairs; larger consequence |
| some viruses can cause cancer because... | they change the genetic makeup/ cause mutations |
| oncogenes | cancerous; dominant mutation |
| proto-oncogenes | (before); normal gene that speeds up or triggers cell cycle |
| tumor suppressor genes | slow down cell cycle; any mutation to them that inhibits activity of this gene may lead to abnormal cell growth |
| amplification | increases number of copies of proto-oncogene |
| point mutation | can lead to hyperactive or degradation resistant protein |
| movement of DNA | translocation or transposition; may change the rate at which a gene is transcribed; may be moved near a more active promoter |
| discovered transposition | Barbara McClintock |
| p53 | transcription factor; "guardian angel of the genome"; serves as the master brake on the cell cycle; checks to make sure DNA was replicated properly; if not slows down or stops |
| effects of p53 | genes activated to halt cell cycle; DNA repair genes turned on; if cannot be repaired, results in apoptosis |
| BRCA | Breast Cancer gene; tumor suppressor gene that can be an inherited mutation |
| restriction sequence or restriction site | specific nucleotide sequence that restriction enzymes recognize |
| plaindromic | MOM WOW |
| which direction does restriction enzymes read? | 5' -> 3' |
| recombinant DNA | genes inserted by use of restriction enzymes that leave sticky ends and are pasted together with DNA ligase |
| how do bacteria prevent their DNA from being cut by restriction enzymes? | methylation |
| which way does DNA polymerase add nucleotides? | 5' to 3' |
| PCR | amplifys small amounts of DNA by seprating DNA,cooling mixture and adding primers to target; polymerase adds with use of primers, repeated |
| southern blotting | detects particular DNA sequences |
| northern blotting | detects particular mRNA sequences |
| western blotting | detects particular proteins |
| reporter genes | used to determine the success of recombinant DNA |
| cDNA | complementary DNAuses mRNA and reverse transcriptase; beneficial because only coding nucleotides are found |
| STRs | short tandem repreats; short segments of DNA that are highly repetitive; patterns are inherited; useful for identifying individuals |
| SNPs | single nucleotide polymorphisms; genetic markers; single base-pair that shows variation in significant % of population |
| RFLPs | restriction fragment length polymorphisms |
| DNA microarray assays | fluorescent dye; allows you to see what genes are on or off in tissues |
| gene cloning | process of preparing multiple copies of a particular segment of DNA; requires host and vector |
| knockout genes | use of genetic recombination to create an inactive gene |
| celera genomics | founded by Kreg Ventura; shotgun sequencing; allowed for Human Genome Project to be completed early and under budget |
| chimeras | organisms in which every cell does not have the same exact DNA |
Created by:
bootoo
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