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Anatomy Cooper 1
Epitelial, CT, skin, body cavities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Superior | towards the head |
| inferior | towards the foot |
| anterior | front of body |
| posterior | back of body |
| dorsal | back end |
| ventral | belly end |
| proximal | closest to midline (shoulder to elbow) |
| distal | further to midline (wrist to elbow) |
| superfiscal | closest to surface |
| deep | closest to bone (to inside area) |
| ipsilateral | located on the same sides |
| contralateral | opposite sides of body |
| medial | toward midline (little finger to thumb) |
| lateral | away from midline (thumb to ringfinger) |
| integumentary system | skin, hair, nails; protection; regulate body temp; excretion; sensitive to stimuli |
| skeletal system | structural framework; supports & protects; stores minerals (Ca++, Mg++, K+); forms RBCs |
| muscular system | movement, posture, balance, heat production |
| cardiovascular system | heart & BVs, transport O2(to lungs from cells), CO2(cells to lungs/kidney), waste (from cells to lungs, kidneys, skin) |
| lympathic system | picks up protein containing fluid from spaces between cells & returns |
| nervous system | control & regulation; brain & spinal cord; peripheral nerves; nerves (faster activity/shorter time) |
| endocrine system | control & regulation; hormones (slower activity/longer time) |
| respiratory system | regulation of blood pH |
| body systems | 11-integumentary; skeletal; muscular; cardiovascular; lymphatic; nervous; endocrine; respiratory; digestive; urinary; reproductive |
| dorsal body cavity | has cranial cavity & vertebral cavity |
| cranial cavity | houses brain |
| vertebral cavity | houses spinal cord |
| ventral body cavity | thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity (separated by diaphragm) |
| thoracic cavity | pleural cavity; mediastinum; pericardial cavity |
| abdominopelvic cavity | abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity |
| abdominal cavity | liver, spleen, pancreas, L.I., S.I., stomach |
| pelvic cavity | reproductive organs, spinal column, rectum, urinary bladder |
| anatomical position | facing anteriorly, feet on floor, eyes closed, mouth open, palms of hands anteriorly |
| Supine position | body face up |
| prone position | body face down |
| URQ | R lobe of liver; gallbladder, R kidney, R side of stomach, LI, SI |
| LRQ | appendix (rebound pain); LI, SI, R reproductive organs |
| ULQ | L lobe of liver; stomach; pancreas; spleen; LI |
| LLQ | SI; L reproductive organs; LI (signoid colon) |
| mid sagittal plane | divides body through mid line |
| parasagittal plane | divides body into unequal R & L portions |
| frontal plane | divides body into anterior and posterior |
| transverse plane | divides body into superior & interior |
| longitudinal section | through sagittal planes |
| cross section | through transverse plane |
| frontal section | through frontal plane |
| Body Tissues | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
| Epithelial | Cellularity (tight; sheets), Polarity (Apical, Basal), Attach to CT, Avascular, regeneration; protection, sensation, secretion |
| Basal Lamina | clear area (glygoproteins & microfilaments-protection), dense area (coarse protein fibers-strength) |
| Simple Epithelial Cells | single layer; diffusion, absorption, filtration; minimal wear & tear; kidney glomerulus(squamous) |
| stratified epithelial cells | multiple layers; protection; withstand wear & tear |
| pseudostratified epithelial cells | one layer but looks like many; lines Eustacion tube (Auditory canal) |
| simple squamous epithelium | delicate; eye lens, kidney glomerulus, alveoli; endothelium & mesothelium |
| endothelium | lines heart, BVs, capillaries, lymph nodes |
| mesothelium | lines thoraic & abdominal cavity, organs |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | not common, ovary surface, retina |
| simple columnar epithelium | lines digestive tract from lower esophagus to anus, (micro)villi, globet cells, cilia |
| globlet cells | interspaced; fill with mucous and release into organs to move enzymes more efficiently |
| cilia | made up of microtubules, apical cell surface, more numerous than villi; not absorbtive just for movement; line upper respiratory system & reproductive tract |
| stratified squamous epithelium | epidermis, bottom layers highly mitotic; (non)keratinized |
| non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | found in wet surfaces of the body that need protection; line mouth, upper esophagus, tongue, vagina |
| keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | cells in dry areas needing protection: epidermis |
| stratified cuboidal epithelium | lines sweat glands |
| stratified columnar epithelium | lines ducts of mammary glands |
| transitional epithelium | stretching from cuboidal or columnar to squamous; urinary bladder |
| glandular epithelium | specialized for secretion; merocrine, apocrine, holocrine |
| Merocrine secretion | very common, exocytosis for secretion |
| apocrine secretion | some cytoplasm is lost with secretion; milk |
| holocrine secretion | whole galand is lost with secretion; oils, sebaceus glands |
| connective tissue | support tissues; specialized cells, extracellular (protein) fibers; ground substance; structural framework; transport blood, lymph to BVs; protection; store energy (adipose); function with immune system;3 types-Connective Tissue Proper, fluid, supporting |
| Connective tissue proper | Loose CT, Dense CT; all cells, fibers present, semi-fluid ground substance; underneath skin |
| Loose CT | areolar, adipose, reticular; "packing material"; surronds organs, BVs, nerves for support & cushioning; stores lipids,diffusion routes |
| Areolar tissue | widely distributed; fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, WBCs, all fibers, deep to skin (feed),strength, elasticity, support; matrix-hyaluronic acid, any texture |
| Adipose tissue | adipocytes; white & brown; subcuataneous layer, around heart, abdomen, kidneys, yellow bone marrow, joints, eye socket; reduces heat loss; energy reserve; |
| brown fat | high number of mitochondria; shoulders of infants, widespread maybe in adults |
| reticular tissue | reticular fibers/cells; in stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, basal lamina, BVs, muscles |
| Dense CT | regular/irregular/elastic tissue; more numerous, thicker fibers but fewer cells |
| Dense regular CT | white collagen in parallel bundles, fibroblast, adipose; in tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone), aponeurosis (sheetlike, muscle to muscle); provides strong attachment |
| Irregular CT | provides strength; crisscross of collagen fibers; pericardium of cartilage/heart, periosteum of bone, organ capsules covering liver spleen |
| Elastic CT | allows stretching of various organs; freely branching elastic fibers with fibroblasts; yellow; transitional epithelium, walls of BV, respiratory system |
| Fluid CT | RBCs, WBCs, platelets, lymph suspended in a watery matrix (blood plasma) for transport; high protein content |
| Supporting CT | cartilage and bone; closely packed fibers |
| cartilage | consists of dense collagen and elastic fibers in a gel matrix called chondroitin sulfate; chondrocytes; types-hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic |
| Hyaline cartilage | provides smooth surfaces for movement, flexibility, support; "Gristle"; most abundant; blueish white color; collagen fibers (cants see) and chondrocytes; costal cartilage, articular cartilage |
| Fibrocartilage | support & fusion; can see collagen fibers; located at symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs, menisci |
| elastic cartilage | located in epiglottis, external ear, eustachian tube |
| Osseous Tissue | compact or spongy matrix containing Ca++ phosphate; support, protection, blood forming tissue, levers, storage |
| Fixed Cells | type of connective tissue cell; stay in one place; types-fibroblast, fibrocyte, fixed macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchyme, melanocytes |
| Fibroblast | undifferentiated; star-shaped; large; type of fixed cell |
| fibrocyte cells | adult cell type; maintain CT fibers of CT proper; type of fixed cell |
| Fixed Macrophage | large amoeboid in shape; cleans up tissue spaces (bacteria, cell debris, etc); alveolar, hepatic; type of fixed cell |
| Adipocytes | fat cells; vary in number by person; vary in location; nucleus on the side of plasma membrane big fat droplet |
| Mesenchyme Cells | stem cells; fight local infection and injury; type of fixed cell |
| Melanocytes | produce melanin (skin, hair, eyes); type of fixed cell |
| Wandering Cells | type of cells in CT; move around from place to place; types- free macrophage, mast cells, lymphocytes, microphages, basophil/eosinophil |
| Free Macrophages | large phagocytotic; in blood-monocytes; type of wandering cell |
| Mast Cells | mobile, small; secrete heparin (blood thinner) & histamine (vasodilator for inflammatory response); type of wandering cell |
| Lymphocytes | develop from plasma cells; type of WBC that carries out activities for immune system |
| Microphages | a small phagocytic WBC |
| Collagen | white protein; most abundant; bundles of 3 wound together; |
| Reticular Fibers | collagen but not bundled; thinner; interwoven; forms stroma of liver, spleen, pancreas; tough, flexible |
| Elastin | elactin protein; highly branched; stretchable up to 150% its length; recoil |
| Mucus membrane | line cavity that open to outside; digestive, respiration, reproductive, urinary systems |
| Serous membrane | line cavity that do not open to outside; thoracic, abdominal, pericardial; double layer (visceral-lines organs/parietal-lines cavity); pericardium, pleura, periterium |
| Integumentary System | Skin; 4 tissues- Epithelium(Epidermis), CT(Dermis), Nerval(regulates BV diameter & controls hair), Muscle; protection; maintains temp; sensory |
| Epidermis | thinner, superficial epithelium; keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan cells (immunity), merkel cells |
| Dermis | "true skin", deep thick CT; papillary layer, more & studier fibers, dense irregular CT, adipose tissue, nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands |
| Stratum Corneum | 25-30 rows of cells; all cells are dead, heavily keratinized, flat |
| Stratum Lucidium | 3-5 rows of cells, cells are drying; produce eleidin (intermediate in keratin process, translucent); palms of hands & sides of feet; flat, lots of membrane, little cytoplasm |
| Stratum Granulosum | apoptosis starts by disintegrating; keratohyaline production starts |
| Stratum spinosum | prickle cell layer; polyhedral; keratinocytes, langerhan cells, few melanocytes |
| Stratum basale | single layer of cuboidal/columnar cells; keratinocytes (some function as stem cells), langerhans, merkel, melanocytes, skin graphing to heal; "germentrum"; highly mitotic |
| papillary layer | lots of BVs, areolar CT, some fibers |
| Messiner's Corpuscle | sensory cell in dermal papillae; light touch |
| Ruffini Corpuscle | sensory cell in reticular region, monitor stretch |
| Pacinian Corpuscle | sensory cell in reticular region; crude touch, pressure, vibration |
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suckfudying
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