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Chp. 3
key terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Antibiotic | a chemical that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria; many antibiotics are produced by living organisms. |
| Cell Theory | the concept that all living organisms are made of cells and tat cells are formed by the reproduction of existing cells. |
| Prokaryotic cells | cells that lack internal membrane-bound organelles. |
| Eukaryotic cells | cells that contain membrane-bound organelles, including a central nucleus. |
| Organelles | the membrane-bound compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions. |
| Cell Membrane | a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells. |
| Cytoplasm | the gelatinous, aqueous interior of all cells. |
| Ribosome | a complex of RNA and protein that carries out protein synthesis in all cells. |
| Nucleus | the organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material. |
| Cell Wall | a rigid structure enclosing the cell membrane of some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape. |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. |
| Peptidoglycan | a macromolecule that forms all bacterial cell walls and provides rigidity to the cell wall. |
| Gram-positive | refers to bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thick layer of peptidoglycan that retains the Gram stain. |
| Gram-negative | Refers to bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer lipid membrane that does not retain the Gram stain. |
| Simple Diffusion | the movement of small, hydrophobic molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; simple diffusion does not require energy. |
| Transport Proteins | proteins involved in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | the process by which large or hydrophilic solutes move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of transport proteins. |
| Active Transport | the energy-requiring process by which solutes are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the help of transport proteins. |
| Nuclear Envelope | the double membrane surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. |
| Mitochondria | membrane-bound organelles responsible for important energy-conversion reactions in eukaryotes. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a membrane-enclosed series of passages in eukaryotic cells in which proteins and lipids are synthesized. |
| Golgi Apparatus | an organelle made up of stacked membrane-enclosed discs that packages proteins and prepares them for transport. |
| Chloroplast | an organelle in plant and algal cells that is the site of photosynthesis. |
| Lysosome | an organelle in eukaryotic cells filled with enzymes that can degrade worn-out cellular structures. |
| Cytoskeleton | a network of protein fibers in eukaryotic cells that provides structure and facilitates cell movement. |
| Endosymbiosis | the theory that free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed other free-living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago, forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
Created by:
kbtwomey
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