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bio voc. 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell division | The process by which a cell divides itself into two daughter cells |
| Cell cycle | The cycle of cell division performed in eukaryotic cells |
| Chromosomes | A tightly condensed structure of spooled DNA |
| Mitosis | The process of sorting and distributing the chromosomes |
| Interphase | The period between cell divisions |
| G1 Phase | Gap 1 phase, where the cell grows and makes new proteins |
| S phase | Phase where the cell actually duplicates the DNA |
| G2 Phase | Gap 2 phase, where the cell prepares to divide |
| M phase | Phase where mitosis occurs |
| G0 Phase | Gap 0 phase, an offshoot of G1 where the cell pauses in the cell cycle |
| Restriction point | The point at which the cell can't return to G0 phase |
| Daughter cells | The two cells that come from the first |
| Nuclear division | Another name for mitosis, because the nucleus divides into two nuclei with identical sets of chromosomes |
| Cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm of the cell, organelles and all |
| Adenine | The A base of DNA, pairs only with T |
| Thymine | The T base of DNA, pairs only with A |
| Cytosine | The C base of DNA, pairs only with G |
| Guanine | The G base of DNA, pairs only with C |
| Sugar-phosphate backbone | The chain of deoxyribose and phosphate groups that form the backbone of DNA |
| Antiparallel | A pair of parallel lines that run the opposite way, like two lines on a highway |
| DNA synthesis | The process by which DNA replicates itself |
| Replication origin | The specific part of the chromosome the enzymes bond to so they can unzip the DNA |
| DNA polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new strands |
| Replisome | The combination of DNA and proteins to replicate DNA |
| Nucleic-acid strand | Half of the DNA double helix |
| Primer | A short strand of RNA that allows DNA nucleotides to be added |
| Leading strand | Strand where the enzyme is moving with the backbone, leaving a smooth new strand of DNA |
| Lagging strand | Strand where the enzyme is forced to move against the backbone, leaving a jerky but repaired strand of DNA |
| Semiconservative | A form of replication in which one new strand is paired with one old strand |
| Nucleosome | A DNA-protein complex in which the DNA is wound around a molecule of histone |
| Histone | Basic proteins with strong positive charges that negate DNA's negative charge so DNA can coil |
| Chromatin | DNA beads bound around a 2-by-2 cube of histone |
| Mutation | Any error in the cell's DNA |
| Mutagen | A type of chemical or radiation that can cause mutations |
| Excision repair | The most basic form of DNA repair where an enzyme chops out a broken section of DNA and replaces it with a fixed section |
| Sister chromatids | The copies of each chromosome made during S phase |
| Centromere | The small protein that attaches the two sister chromatids at the center nearing the M phase |
| Chromosome segregation | The separation of chromosomes from one daughter cell to another |
| Aneuploid cell | A daughter cell with an abnormal amount of chromosomes |
| Mitotic spindle | A cluster of microtubules |
| Spindle poles | Sites where centrioles are anchored to the protein structures in the edges of the cell |
| Kinetochore | A protein complex in the centromeres that bonds to the spindle poles by a long chain of microtubules |
| Metaphase | Phase where motor proteins have pulled the chromosomes into a ring |
| Metaphase plate | The ring of chromosomes formed during metaphase |
| Anaphase | Phase where enzymes break down the proteins holding the two sister chromosomes together |
| Telophase | Phase where cell creates nuclear membrane around the two sets of chromosomes and the cytokinesis happens |
| Cyclins | Proteins that regulate the cell cycle |
| G1 cyclins | Cyclins that appear during the G1 phase, peak during S phase, and rapidly vanish |
| Mitotic cyclins | Cyclins that appear after S phase, peak during metaphase, and disappear |
| Kinases | Enzymes that are activated by cyclins and that transfer a phosphate from ATP to other enzymes, activating the enzymes |
| Metastasis | The process whereby a tumor grows and spreads itself around the body |
| Protooncogenes | Genes that promote cell division |
| Tumor suppressors | Genes that inhibit cell division |
| Cell-cycle arrest | A state in which the cell hits an emergency stop so that any errors in the cell cycle can be fixed |
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lapplebey
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