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Biology 11
Animalia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parazoa | Only sponges. Cells are independent enough to be seperated from the whole. Cells are not permanently specialized. |
| Metozoa | All other animals. highly specialized cells, no part can survive without the whole organism |
| Animal development | Fertilization --> zygote. Cleavages form. Blastula. Gastrula. Embryo. |
| Cleavages | first cell divisions of zygote |
| Blastula | small hollow ball of cells; divide and push into center |
| Endoderm | differentiates into digestive tract |
| Ectoderm | Epidermis, around animal |
| Mesoderm | Circulatory, skeletal, reproductive systems |
| Asymmetrical body symmetry | organisms that lack symmetry |
| Spherical body symmetry | organisms can be divided into equal halves in any direction through central point |
| Radial body symmetry | organism can be divided into equal halves |
| Bilateral body symmetry | organism can be divided into equal halves ONLY along 1 plane |
| Porifera & Cnidaria - Epidermis | Outer layer- flattened cells. POROCYTES = penetrate epidermis, cylindrical, permit water to enter central cavity. Open and close. |
| Porifera & Cnidaria - Mesenchyme aka mesophyl | Contain spiked structures (spicules). Skeletal support, protection |
| Porifera & Cnidaria - Collar cells | Flagellated, create current to draw water through pores and out of the top opening (OSCULUM) Withdraws food from water. Food phagocytosed (absorbed) by Choanocytes |
| Porifera & Cnidaria - Amoebocytes | More though mesenchyme via pseudopods. Carry food particles. Make spicules. Can differentiate into other types of cells. |
| 2 body forms of Porifera & Cnidaria | Medusa (bell shaped, free swimming) and Polyp (vase shaped, sessile (non-moving), mouths facing up. |
| 3 types of molluscs | Gastropoda, Pelecypoda, Cephalopoda |
| Class Gastropoda | snails, slugs |
| Class Pelecypoda | bivalves, abalone |
| Class Cephalopoda | squids, octopi |
| Radula | hard, teeth-like projections that scrape food in Gastropoda |
| Muscular foot | Aid in movement in Gastropoda and Pelecypoda |
| Gills | gas exchange in Gastropoda and Pelecypoda |
| Bivalves | 2 half shells in Pelecypoda |
| siphons (incurrent, excurrent) | circulates water in Cephalopoda |
| sense organs | respont to light, chemicals, touch in Cephalopoda and Pelecypoda |
| nephridium | removes excess water and wastes in Pelecypoda |
| palp | extract nutrients in Pelecypoda |
| Arms | contain suction disks in Cephalopoda |
| Broadcast mating | release of sex cells in the environment for fertilization. Useful adaptation because it is fast and it can produce alot of offspring |
| Phylum Echinodermata | sea stars, sand dollars. spiky skin, tube feet, endoskeleton, nervous system |
| Phylum Arthropoda | breaks down to Subphylum Chelicerata + Subphylum Mandibulata |
| Subphylum Chelicerata | Class Arachnida |
| Subphylum Mandibulata | Class Crustacea, Class Insecta, Class Diplopoda & Chilopoda |
| Exoskeleton | support and protection, made of chitin. All Arthropoda's have this. |
| Jointed appendages | Ex. legs. Specialized segmented body. All Arthopoda's have this |
| Nervous system | Cephalization (development of nervous system. Head containing brain. All Arthopoda's have this |
| Open circulation with dorsal heart | self explanatory. All Arthopoda's have this |
| Cephalothorax | Head and body sections with legs (Chelicerates have this) |
| Abdomen | Posterior segment with internal organs. (Spiders have silk glands in abdomen. Release silk through spinnerets.) Chelicerates, Arachnida, and Insecta have this |
| 4 pairs of legs | for walking. Chelicerates have this |
| Chelicera | Front appendages for feeding. Chelicerates have this |
| Pedipalps | Front appendages for sensory functions. Chelicerates have this |
| Chelicerae | Modified as fangs for poisoning prey. Arachnida have this |
| Eight simple eyes | senses light and dark. Arachnida have this |
| Vibration detectors | in legs. Arachnida have this |
| Mandibles | Jaws. Subphylum Mandibulata have this |
| Maxillae | Appendages to pass food to mandibles. Subphylum Mandibulata have this |
| Antennae | sense organs. Subphylum Mandibulata, class Insecta |
| 3 or more pairs of legs | walking. Subphylum Mandibulata have this, class Insecta |
| 2 pairs of wings | to fly. Class Insecta |
| Endoskeleton | Internal skeleton (not exposed) |
| Exoskeleton | Outside skeleton. (good for protection + support) |
| Chilopods | Centipedes. "100 feet", carnivorous, unfused segments, 1 pair of legs per segment |
| Diplopoda | Milipedes "1000 feet", fused segments, 2 pairs of legs per segment |
| Humans interacting with insects | bees (honey), insects pollinate our flowers, they are very important in the food web |
| Complete metamorphosis | Butterflies and ants. Egg --> Larva --> Pupa --> Adult. (Larva is specialized for eating, do not look like adult. Pupa: resting |
| Incomplete metamorphosis | Grasshoppers and aphids. Egg --> Nymph --> Adult. Nyphm = immature adult - no wings/gonads |
| Feeding adaptations in insects | Mosquitoes: mouthparts are hollow tubes for blood sucking. Butterflies: mouthparts are coiled into long tube to reach nectar deep within flowers |
| Appearance adaptations in insects | Camouflage, warning coloration, mimicry |
| Camouflage | to go unnotice by predators |
| Warning Coloration | predators learn to avoid poisonous insects |
| Mimicry | Insect colors itself to look like a poisonous insect in order to evade predation |
| Reproductive adaptations in insects | Produce pheromones: chemicals released by an animal that affects the behaviour of others in the same species |
| Social insects | living in a society: ants, termites, bees |
| 3 basic characteristics of Vertebrata | Notochord, Hollow dorsal, Gill slits. *Must lose one or more of these as they mature into adults |
| Notochord in Vertebrata | strong, flexible, rod-like structure located near dorsal surface. In adults, can be replaced by back bone |
| Hollow Dorsal in Vertebrata | Nerve cord. Develops into brain and spinal cord |
| Gill Slits in Vertebrata | at some point in life. Paired openings in the Pharynx |
| Chordates | (from simple --> complex) Subphylum Urochordate, Subphylum Cephalochordata, Subphylum Vertebrata |
| Subphylum Urochordate | Marine & sometimes sessile. Filter feeders. Usually loses notochord & dorsal nerve cord. Contains few organisms |
| Subphylum Cephalochordata | "Chordate with a head" Shallow sea, coastal organisms. Intermediate between urochordate nad vertebrates. Contains few organisms. |
| Subphylum Vertebrata | Vertebrae: large # of bones protecting nerve cord. Contains many organisms |
| Axial skeleton | Skull, Vertebrae, |
| Appendicular skeleton | Rib cage, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle |
| Pectoral girdle | where bones for Anterior body are attached |
| Pelvic girdle | where bones for Posterior body are attached |
| Evolutionary trends in vertebrae development | Adaptations leading to survival on land, Development of complex heart, Increase in cephalization (head), Increase in size and complexity of brain |
| Characteristics that classify animals into the same class | Large brain with convolutions (folds on the surface of the brain to increase surface area), Endothermic (warm blood), 4 chambered heart, Lungs with diaphragm, Hair, Uterus (Maternal care) |
| Glands that are unique to Mammalia | Mammary glands (all animals): produce milk to nourish young, Sweat glands, Sebaceous glands (lubricate hair + skin), Scent glands: communication between mammals |
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ybot
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