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Evo bio ch 4-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nicholaus Copernicus | proposed that the world was not geocentric but that it was heliocentric |
| geocentric | earth is the center of the universe |
| heliocentric | the sun is the center of the universe |
| Galileo Galilei | - inventor of the telescope, discovered the phases of Venus and other planets - was put on trial for these claims |
| Steady state or evolution cosmology | beginning in the 20th century the assumption that the universe was our milky way only and it was static |
| Edwin Hubble did a deep space survey with a telescope that takes photos and revealed... | that numerous distant objects were other galaxies outside our own. |
| Around the same time as Hubble, Einstein developed | his general theory of relativity: gravity is the curvature of 'space time' by matter. |
| To maintain a static universe against gravity, Einstein assumed a repulsive... | cosmological constant |
| Galaxies moving twards us are | blue shifted |
| Galaxies moving away from us are | red shifted |
| Hubble discovered that most galaxies were red shifted- moving away from us, and that the farther galaxies were.. | moving away faster |
| entropy | is a macroscopic property of a system that is a measure of the microscopic disorder within the system |
| The universe was once | small, hot and had less entropy. |
| The theory that the universe once had a beginning is called | the big bang theory |
| the big bang theory occurred | about 13.7 billion years ago |
| atoms are made of | subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) which are held together by various forces of the atom. |
| matter is made of | elementary particles |
| protons and neutrons are made of elementary particles known as | quarks |
| the forces that hod elementary particles together are also in | quanta--they seem like particles too! |
| atoms, sub-atomic particles,and force particles | separate when it is very hot. We have a machine called a Large Hadron Collider that can successfully separate atoms.It is one of the largest man made machines. |
| the first 380,00 years after the big bang | It was too hot to hold anything together until everything cooled down. |
| The first atomic nuclei to form would be those that can stand the highest temperatures: | Hydrogen and Helium. This is Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. Today H and He are the most abundant atoms int he universe |
| With continued expansion, weaker forces can start to effect matter: | electrons can attach to the first nuclei, forming the first complete atoms (H, HE). This is the era of recombination, and ends 380,000 years after the BB. |
| The 'first light'(photons) would be | very high energy (short wavelength) |
| Over time, this first light would lose energy (increase wavelength). Today this light is in the | microwave range, forming the cosmic microwave background (CMB) |
| The CMB is amazingly | uniform. Smooth CMB is one of the causes of the even distribution of the galaxies |
| Inflation | many cosmologists think that shortly after the BB the universe 'inflated' expanding many times its' size at speeds >>> than C. |
| Inflation would | remove any early 'wrinkles'( lumps) of matter for a long time |
| Once the expanding universe cooled | gravity (the weakest force) could start to pull matter together.. |
| in addition to visible matter (stars, etc.) there is an even greater amount of | invisible dark matter. |
| The first stars were formed with | continued condensation of hot gasses (H and HE) in galaxies |
| Stars are powered by | nuclear fusion. mainly fusion of H > HE this is called stellar nucleosynthesis |
| All stars fuse | H >He. more massive stars then start fusing heavier elements all the way to Iron and Nickel |
| As they spend their fuel stars grow to great sizes. after billions of years, smaller stars like our sun | then die > lots of new nebula gasses, and a helium core ('white dwarf') |
| The most massive stars die violently. Called a | supernova.This produces the remaining natural elements through Uranium. = supernova nucleosynthesis |
| assembly f the periodic table took | 2 or more star generations.But it was a natural process |
| Galaxies tend to accumulate dust which collapse into | nebula.= nurseries for new stars and solar systems |
| Accretion disks | An accretion disc is a structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a central body. |
| The ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE: | the observation that our universe must be one capable of having the 'priviledged' conditions of conscious life |
| The Weak Anthropic Principle: | this universe has a wide range of habitats (different suns, planets, etc.) and life is likely to occur at some place and time in it. |
| The universe is not overall curved (light travels in straight lines, angles add up to 180[degrees]...) So the universe must be | flat without boundaries (zero curvature) |
| Einstein was sort of right, there is a kind of repulsive 'cosmological constant' called | dark energy, a.k.a. vacuum energy. it makes sense that this expansion force was present before this universe. |
| Our universe is | 4% Atoms, 22% Dark matter and 74% dark energy. |
| Dark energy and open flat space means that this universe | should expand forever and not collapse into a big crunch like we thought. |
| The Casimir Effect: | matter constantly forms from environmental energy fields. Even in a strong vacuum, quantum fluctuations convert environmental energy > matter particles. |
| Special relativity | Matter is a form of energy. Since energy can be converted from one form to another, other energies can convert into matter. |
| Quantum physics | All forms of energy (matter, etc.) have uncertain values at small scales. Quantum Fluctuations> spontaneous energy conversions |
| Dark energy, although mysterious | is an enormous source of energy that may have existed before this universe. |
| In the Strong Anthropic Principle | a multiverse of diverse universes would mean that a few would have the environment for life |
| In theory and observation: young stars form in | nebula, collecting matter by gravity. They get denser and hotter |
| Young stars can collect an | accretion disk of cold matter-- collecting atoms left over from the dead massive stars |
| Accretion disks can consolidate > | planetary systems |
| Over 700 extra solar planets have been found. SOme are | rocky planets, and few are in their status 'habitable zone'-- it is possible they have liquid water |
| In our solar system, the planets may have formed by | uncountable collisions between smaller 'protoplanets'. Massive collisions couls still occur later |
| The leading proposal on the moons' origin is the | Big Splash Theory. Another planet may have collided with the early earth. The moon is the result |
| Without the moon, life would still be possible but | it would be challenging. The moon provides local protection form meteors and helps sustain a nearly circular earth orbit around the sun. |
| Ozone(O3) reacts with space to | make free radicals of oxygen, absorbs radiation form space and makes it possible for life |
| Water is not a problem. The trick is for a planet | to not be too big, not too small, and be in the habitable zone--the area where water can be liquid |
| Earths core is enriched with | Iron and other heavy metals |
| The liquid iron rich core of earth also makes life possible: | produces a large magnetic field, protects the atmosphere from solar wind |
| The mantle is a semi solid 'plastic', making up | most of the earths volume. |
| Convection currents: | in mantle layers, movement and recycling of the upper crust layer (later) |
| The oceanic crust is | the thinnest and youngest and densest, being made of recently extruded mantle. |
| The continental crust is | enriched w/ lighter minerals, so most of it floats above seal level |
| Igneous rocks | formed from mantle, via upward eruptions n intrusions |
| Sedimentary rocks (most fossils are seen here) | Most are made from surface soils, deposited thru water and wind action.Compaction and time > 'consolidation' into rock |
| Metamorphic rocks | are generally sedimentary rocks that have been changed, especially by heat and pressure |
| Rock formations are generally assembled into | layers (strata) |
| Law of superposition | youngest at the top and oldest at the bottom.Superposition provides the relative age of most layers. |
| Radioisotopes provide an | absolute age of certain rocks and associate fossils. The unit of time is the half life. |
| The oldest rock is | 4.4 BYO,The oldest meteor 4.55 BYO and oldest moon rock,4.5 BYO |
| Uranium and Potassium | can find the date of associate fossils near. Not likely to find fossils within |
| Zircon crystals | are like time capsules. forms when rock cools. uranium and potassium are formed inside them. once the crystals form, nothing can get in or out |
| 90% of earths history is | from the Precambrian age.(jellyfish, sponges, worms)Phanerozoic age is the other 10% |
| Paleozoic-ancient life- | sea life, species with shells, first colonizers of land (plants), later first vertebrates (fish) |
| Mesozoic - middle life- | giant dinosaurs,birds, reptiles that became mammals, first flowering plants. |
| Cenozoic -modern life- | dominance of flowering plant. Dinos died out and mammals took over, humans. less than 1.5% of earths history |
| In 1912 Alfred Wegener proposed | that the continents did fit together, but drifted apart (continental drift) |
| Evidence of an earlier Ukontinent later called Pangea: | a. Matching Permian and Triassic fossils on separate continets b.alienable glacial markings c.Paleomagnetism |
| Paleomagnetism: | the belief that: -the earth crust was divided into plates. - the sea floor being very young - the sea floor rock is patterned with magnetic reversals |
| The atlantic ocean is the | youngest sea floor |
| Plate Tectonics | is the modern science that replace 'continental drifts' Sea floor crustal plates are being moved, and recycled. This dictates the shape and movement of continents and formation of mountain ranges and islands. |
| 375 MYA there were 2 continents | laurasia and gondwana.Later both formed Pangea (275MYA). After that was the slow break up of Pangea into what we know today |
| One effect of tectonic history is: | the particular distribution of mammals : 3 kinds of mammals: -Prototheria: platapuss(egg laying mammals) -Methatheria: Marsupials (kangaroo,possup, wombat) -Eutheria: Placental mammals |
Created by:
awahay
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