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Biology 11
Plantae
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | the synthesis of starch and glucose from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. Oxygen is produced as a by-product. |
| Photosynthesis equation | 6H20 + 6CO2 ---------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Light dependent reactions | Converts energy from the sun into a form that the chloroplat can use to make sugar |
| Light independent reactions | Converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose |
| Monocots | 1 cotyledon (seeds) multiple of 3 (flowers) scattered vascular bundles (stems) parallel veins (leaves) |
| Dicots | 2 cotyledons (seeds) mutiples of 4 (flowers) ringed vascular bundles (stems) net-like veins (leaves) |
| Receptacle | tip of specialized branch of a flower. (petals, sepals, carpel, and stamen are attached here) |
| Petals | Brightly coloured outer part of flower |
| Sepals | outermost part of the flower, usually green |
| Stamen | Male reproductive organ (composed of the filament and anther) |
| Filament | Slender stalk (part of male reproductive organ stamen) |
| Anther | Contains 2 pollen savs which produce pollen grains (part of the male reproductive organ stamen) |
| Carpel | Female reproductive organ (composed of the stigma, style, and ovary) |
| Stigma | Sticky knob to collect pollen |
| Style | Slender stalk in which pollen tube forms |
| Ovary | Contains ovules which develop into eggs |
| Sporophyte generation | 2N. Flowering plant structures (leaves, stems, flowers etc.) Responsible for nutrition/photosynthesis growth. |
| Gametophyte generations | 1N. Cells that produce ovules and pollen (ovaries, anther). Responsible for reproduction |
| Perfect flowers | have both male and female parts |
| Imperfect flowers | only male OR female parts |
| Biotic pollinators | Are attracted to flowers because they are a food supply. (nectar). When landing on flowers for feeding, they pick up pollen and transfer to other plants. ex. animals, insects |
| Abiotic pollinators | Wind, water. Flowers which solely use this type of pollinator are not usually brightly colored because other adaptations for pollen distribution ex. open petals. |
| Fertilization | 1 pollen lands on stigma- chemicals released 2 formation of pollen tube which grows down the style to the ovary turns into pollen tube. 3 generative cell forms into sperm nuclei 4 tube cell breaksthrough ovule wall 5. 2 sperm nuclei fertilize polar nuclei |
| Double fertilization | 3N. 1 sperm ferti. egg cell forms into zygote (seedling). zygote goes through mitosis + forms embryo. 1 sperm joins w/ both polar nuclei + forms triploid cell. Nourishment to embryo, results in formation of a seed |
| Simple fruit | develops from a singly ovary in a single flower es. tomato, plum, apples |
| Aggregrate fruit | develops from many ovaries in a single flower ex. raspberries, blackberries |
| Multiple fruit | develop from a single ovary of flowers in a cluster ex. pineapple, corn |
| Purpose of fruit | encompass seed, so it can spread |
| Gymnosperms | "naked seeds" explains how their seeds are exposed on the surface of scales within cones. Instead of leaves, the majority of photosynthesis occurs in needles |
| 3 types of tissue in embryo | Epicotyl, Radicle, Hypocotyl |
| Epicotyl | at the top of the embryo, will form leaves and stems |
| Hypocotyl | in between epicotyl and radicle, will form lower stem |
| Radicle | Bottom of the embryo, will form root system |
| Seed coat | covers and protects the contents of the seed. Controls germination by restricting water and oxygen transport |
| Hilium | marks where the seed was once attached to the ovary |
| Cotyledon | storage vessel for food of endosperm. transfers energy to the growing embryo |
| Germination | sprouting, or beginning of life in a plant |
| Favourable conditions for germination | moisture, light, oxygen |
| First few steps of germination | seed absorbs water, enzymes become active and convert starch (energy storage) to glucose (used to make energy) Cellular respiration occurs. Glucose turns into energy. cells divide, swell in seed coat and then break free. seedling has formed. |
| Germination in dicots | 2 embryonic leaves. radicle emerges first. roots hairs develop, absorbing water. hypocotyl emerges from soil. pulls cotyledons and epicotyl out of soil. cotyledon stays until leaves have developed (source of food) |
| Germination in monocots | 1 embryonic leaf. Radicle root is temporary until lateral roots form into primary root with branch roots. Endosperm stays below surface. Epitcotyl protected by coleoptile while it pushes through the soil |
| Vascular bundle/vein | Xylem, phloem |
| Xylem | carries water and minerals UP to leaves from the roots (TRANSPIRATION) |
| Phloem | carries food DOWM from the leaves to the rest of the plant (TRANSLOCATION) |
| Components of Xylem- Tracheids | long, thick-walled cells with tapering ends. Stacked up on top of each other with ends overlapping to aid in water transport. DEAD and hollow@maturity. |
| Components of Xylem- Vessel Elements | Larger than tracheids. DEAD @ maturity. Arranged end to end to form continuous tubes for water transports |
| Components of Phloem | Sieve tubes - Pipelines of the phloem, made of sieve-tube elements (Long thick-walled cells with sieve-like membranes made of living cells |
| Root pressure | Concentration of water outside > inside. Water moves down concentration gradient (osmosis) Water enters roots faster than it is conducted up the plant. Root pressure builds up, pushing water up the plant |
| Cohesion-tension of water | Attraction between water molecules = cohesion. Continuous column of water streches from roots to leaves. Water evaporates through the leaves through TRANSPIRATION, pulling more water molecules up to the leaves. Occurs in the xylem. |
| Adhesion of water to xylem vessel surfaces | Aids cohesion-tension theory of water conduction |
| Increase in transpiration | warmer temps, humidity, windy conditions |
| Decrease in transpiration | high sun (heat), dry conditions |
| Stem | Conducts water and minerals, displays leaves for photosynthesis |
| Fibrous roots | Consists of millions of branching root hairs. Helpful in gaining access to minerals which exist in the soil in low concentrations |
| Taproot | Single large root that extends deep into the soil with other smaller roots branching off; used to store food/excess vitamins. Ex. carrots |
| Leaves | food factory |
| Petiole | Stem like structure to connect blade to stem |
| Epidermis | Tissue covering outside of entire plant. Reduces water loss, covered by waxy cuticle. |
| Cuticle | waxy coating on leaves |
| Guard cells | Crescent shaped cells on the surface of leaves |
| Stomata | Opening to the inner part of the leaf |
| Mesophyll | Inner layer of cellswhere most photosynthesis occurs. Made primarily of parenchyma tissue |
| Veins | Vascular bundles of xylem and phloem |
| Meristematic tissue | unspecialized cells that initiate growth. Apical meristem: at tip of plant; vertical growth. Cambium meristem: causes plant to grow in width |
| Parenchyma | unspecialized tissue serving the following functions: storage of sugars and starches, repair of damaged cells, photosynthesis |
| Collenchyma | strengthening and flexible cells that are thick in forners, found in young plants |
| Scelernchyma | long cells that give strength, support, and protection to mature plants |
| Vegatitve organs | roots, stems, leaves |
| Reproductive organs | cones, flowers, fruits |
Created by:
ybot
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