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biomed 13
nervous system physiology chapter 13 biomed
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three parts of the meninges | dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater |
| Dura mater | outermost layer of meninges, white and fibrous, inner periosteum of cranial bones |
| Arachnoid layer | like a cobweb, middle layer of meninges |
| Pia mater | innermost layer of meninges, transparent, adheres to brain and spinal cord, contains blood vessels |
| Three inward extensions of dura mater | falx cerebri, falx cerebeli, tentorium cerebelli |
| Falx cerebri | forms partition between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum |
| Falx cerebeli | separates the two hemispheres of cerebellum |
| Tentorium cerebelli | separates cerebellum from cerebrum, forms tent like structure over cerebellum |
| Dural sinuses | venous reservoirs that collect blood from brain tissue |
| Epidural space | space in meninges outside dura mater, but inside bone, supporting cushion of fat |
| Subdural space | space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane, lubricating serous fluid |
| Subarachnoid space | under arachnoid, outside pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
| Filuterminale | formed by pia mater at sacrum, a tent thingy |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | cushion and reservoir of circulating fluid that the brain monitors for changes |
| Ventricles | large fluid filled spaces in the brain, 4 |
| Where is CSF found? | subarachnoid space and in cavities of CNS |
| How is CSF formed? | by separating fluid from blood in choroid plexus |
| CSF helps to regulate | CO2 concentration and pH of body |
| Choroid plexuses | networks of capillaries that project from pia mater into the lateral ventricles |
| Two grooves of spinal cord | anterior median fissure (deeper) and posterior median sulcus |
| Dorsal nerve root | carries info into spinal cord |
| Ventral nerve root | carries motor information out of spinal cord |
| Spinal cord | provides conduction routes, and serves as a reflex center |
| Ascending tracts of spinal cord | sensory info to brain |
| Descending tracts of spinal cord | motor info to muscles |
| Lateral spinothalamic tract | ascending, crude touch, pain, temp |
| Anterior spinothalamic tract | crude touch, pressure, ascending |
| Fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus | ascending, discriminates touch and conscious sensation of position and movement, kinesthesia, ascending |
| Spinocerebellar tract | ascending, subconscious kinesthesia |
| Kinesthesia | conscious sensation of position and movement |
| Spinotectal | ascending, touch that triggers visual reflexes |
| Lateral corticospinal tracts | descending, voluntary movement, fingers hands, feet, controls opposite side |
| Anterior corticospinal tracts | descending, voluntary movement of hand and feet, but controls same side |
| Reticulospinal tracts | descending, maintains posture |
| Rubrospinal tracts | descending, head and neck movement related to visual reflexes |
| Vestibulospinal tracts | descending, coordination of posture and balance |
| Reflex center | the spinal cord, where incoming sensory messages change to outgoing motor in reflex arc, located in gray matter |
| Six major divisions of brain | medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum |
| 3 major divisions of brainstem | medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain |
| Medulla oblongata | attaches to and is part of spinal cord, made of white matter and a network of grey and white called reticular formation |
| Olive | oval projection on each side of medulla |
| Medulla oblongata controls; cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor | |
| Pons | white matter and reticular formation |
| Midbrain | forms midsection of brain, white matter and reticular formation, 2 rope like masses called cerebral peduncles |
| Cerebral peduncles | in midbrain, conduct impulses between midbrain and cerebrum |
| Corpora quadrigemina | on midbrain, have 2 inferior colliculi and 2 superior colliculi visual centers |
| Red nucleus and substantia nigra | in midbrain, muscle control, nigra= black matter |
| Brainstem | sensory, motor, and reflex functions, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, swallowing, cardiac respiratory and vasomotor control |
| Cerebellum | 2nd largest part of brain, gray matter cortex, |
| Arbor vitae | internal white matter of cerebellum |
| Gyri | raised grooves in brain and cerebellum |
| Inferior cerebellar peduncles | tracts in cerebellum from medulla and cord |
| Middle cerebellar peduncles | tracts into cerebellum from pons |
| Superior cerebellar peduncles | tracts from denate nuclei in cerebellum through red nucleus to thalamus |
| Denate nuclei | allow motor cortex to influence cerebellum |
| Functions of cerebellum | acts w/ cortex to produce movement, maintain posture, smooth movement, balance |
| Diencephalon | located between the cerebrum and midbrain, literally means between-brain, made of thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasma, and pineal body |
| Thalamus | grey matter, geniculate bodies (visual input) (nuclei), processes auditory and visual input |
| Functions of thalamus | sensations, recognition of pain, relays to cerebrum, emotions, arousal and alerting, complex reflexes |
| Hypothalamus | gives rise to infundibulum, mamillary bodies which are olfactory, like between mind and body, link between nervous and endocrine system, drives (eating, drinking sex) |
| Mind and body | psyche and soma |
| Functions of hypothalamus | autonomic center, relay station to cortex, synthesizes hormones (water balance) releases hormones (GH), maintains waking state |
| Pineal body | contains optic chiasma, regulates biological clock and produce melatonin |
| Optic chiasma | where optic nerves cross before entering brain, exchange fibers optic tracts |
| Cerebral cortex | surface of the cerebrum which is largest part of brain, gray matter, 6 layers |
| Convolution | a gyrus, or sausage ridge thing in cerebral cortex |
| 4 convolutions | precentral, postcentral, cingulated, and hippocampal gyruses |
| 5 lobes of cerebellum | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula |
| Difference between fissures and sulci | fissures are deep, and sulcis are shallow |
| Insula is also called Island of Reil | |
| Longitudinal fissure | deepest, divides into 2 hemispheres |
| Central sulcus (fissure of ronaldo) | between frontal and parietal |
| Lateral fissure (fissure of sylvius) | between temporal, frontal, and parietal where insula is hidden |
| Parietooccipital fissure | occipital from parietal |
| Cerebral nuclei | basal ganglia, islands of gray matter |
| Projection tracts | extensions of sensory and motor tracts |
| Spinothalamic tracts | sensory |
| Association tracts | most numerous, extend from one convolution to another in same hemisphere |
| Commissural tracts | extend from a point in one hemisphere to a point in another |
| Corticospinal tracts | motor tracts |
| Corpus callosum | made of commissural tracts |
| Caudate nucleus | curving “tail” shape of this cerebral nucleus |
| Lentiform nucleus | putamen and globus pallidus |
| Amygdaloid nucleus | almond like amygdala |
| Cerebral plasticity | cerebral locations can change |
| Reticular activating system | in reticular formation, relays info from spinal cord to thalamus to rest of brain |
| Purpose of reticular activating system | arousal and alerting system for cer. Cortex, maintains consciousness |
| Limbic system controls | emotions |
| Long-term memory | in occipital, temporal, and parietal, hippocampus plays a big part too |
| Engrams | structural traces that store long term memory |
| Left hemisphere | killed or gesturing hand movements |
| Right hemisphere | perception of auditory stimuli, non-speech sounds, spatial relationships |
| Electroenchaphalogram | measures electrical brain potentials |
| Beta wave | when it is busy |
| Alpha waves | brain is relaxed |
| Delta waves | brain in deep sleep |
| Theta waves | brain is drowsy |
| Primary sensory neurons | conduct from the periphery to the central nervous system |
| Secondary sensory neurons | from cord or brainstem to thalamus |
| Tertiary sensory neurons | conduct from thalamus to postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe, or somaticosensory area |
| Sensory neurons form | crossed pathways, where they detect on the opposite side of the body |
| Decussate | cross over, secondary sensory neurons |
| Pathways that produce sensations of touch and pressure | medial lemniscal system (precise location, size shape and texture) and spinothalamic pathway (crude touch and pressure) |
| Pyramidal tracts | corticospinal, in medulla, decussate |
| Extrapyramidal tracts | more complex than pyramidal, all motor tracts from brain to cord |
| Motor program | coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by the extraphyramidal pathways |
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