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Chapter 39 Potter
Oxygenation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The cardiac system delivers oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to the tissues and removes_________ through | waste products of cellular metabolism through the cardiac pump, circulatory vascular system, and the integration of other systems (resp/digestive/renal) |
| pumping action of the heart that's essential to maintaining oxygen delivery | myocardial pump |
| cardiac output | amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute |
| The adequacy of the cardiac output for an individual is known as the: | cardiac index (CI) |
| Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction is the: | stroke volume |
| _______ is essentially the end-diastolic volume. | preload |
| This is the resistance to left ventricular ejection: the work the heart must overcome to fully eject blood from the left ventricle | afterload |
| The pacemaker of the heart | SA node |
| reflects the electrical activity of the conduction system | electrocardiogram |
| Normal sequence on ECG: | NSR, normal sinus rhythm |
| The process of moving gas into and out of the lungs | ventilation |
| Active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta (causes chest expansion): | inspiration |
| Passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work: | expiration |
| Respiratory gases are exchanged in the ____ and _____ of the body tissues. | alveoli and capillaries |
| The process od respiration is controlled by: | neural (CNS control) and chemical regulators (CO2) |
| ___ carries 99% of oxygen to tissues. | hemoglobin |
| hypovolemia | caused by shock or dehyration, reduces circulatory blood volume |
| When this declines, the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is decreased. | Inspired oxygen concentration |
| A deviation from the nl sinus heart rhythm is known as: | dysrhythmias |
| failure of the myocardium to eject sufficient volume to the systemic and pulmonary circulations can result in: | heart failure |
| Life threatening dysrhythmias that require immediate intervention are: | ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation |
| Impaired function of the left ventricle d/t elevated pressures and pulmonary congestion. S/s may include decreased activity tolerance, confusion, hypoxia. Clinical findings crackles, SOB | left sided heart failure |
| Impaired functioning of the right ventricle characterized by venous congestion in systemic circulation. May be d/t COPD or long term left sided heart failure. S/s include weight gain, peripheral edema, organomegaly. | Right sided heart failure |
| Results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet the oxygen demands of the organ: | myocardiam ischemia |
| Usually a transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Characterized by aching or sharp chect pain, can radiate to both arms, jaw, neck or back: | angina pectoris |
| results from sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate coronary perfusion: | myocardial infarction |
| hyperventilation | state of ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate the nl venous CO2 produced by cellular metabolism |
| hypoventilation | occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the body's oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient CO2 |
| Collapse of the alveoli that prevents nl resp. exchange of oxygen and CO2 | atelectasis |
| hypoxia | inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level |
| clinical sign of hypoxia and manifests as breathlessness | dyspnea |
| orthopnia | abnl condition in which a person must use several pillows when lying down or must sit with arms elevated and leaning forward to breath |
| cough | sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs |
| hemoptysis | blood in sputum |
| hematemesis | blood in vomit |
| bronchoscopy | examination of bronchials |
| wheezing | high-pitched musical sounds caused by high velocity mvmt. of air through narrowed air way |
| humidification | process of adding water to gas |
| nebulization | process of adding moisture or medications to inspired air by mixing particles of varying sizes with the air |
| A group of therapies used on combo. to mobilize pulmonary secretions: | chest physiotherapy |
| positioning techniques that draw secretions from specific segments of lungs and bronchi into the trachea: | postural drainage |
| method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to clients about inspiratory volume: | incentive spirometry |
| catheter inserted through thorax to remove fluid or air | chest tube |
| clooection of air in the pleural space is called: | pneumothorax |
| An accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae, usually a result of trauma: | hemothorax |
| ABC's of CPR are: | Airway, Breathing, Circulation |
| This involves deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse: | pursed-lip breathing |
| This technique requires the client to relax intercostal and accesory resp. muscles while taking deep inspirations: | diaphragmatic breathing |
| Key Concepts (39) | The primary function of the heart is to deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. |
| Key Concepts (39) | Preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate alter cardiac output |
| Key Concepts (39) | cardiac dysrhythmias are classified by cardiac activity and site of impulse origin |
| Key Concepts (39) | The primary function of the lungs is to transfer O2 from the atmosphere into the alveoli and to transfer CO2 out of the body as a waste product |
| Key Concepts (39) | ventilation is the process of providing adequate oxygenation from the alveoli to the blood |
| Key Concepts (39) | Compliance, or the ability of the lungs to expand and contract, depends on the function of musculoskeletal and neurological systems and on other physiological factors |
| Key Concepts (39) | The process of inspiration (active process) and expiration (passive process) is caused by changes in intrapleural and intraalveolar pressures and lung volumes |
| Key Concepts (39) | Respiration is controlled by the CNS and by chemicals within the blood |
| Key Concepts (39) | Decreased hempglobin levels alter the client's ability to transport O2 |
| Key Concepts (39) | Impaired chest wall mvmt. reduces the level of tissue oxygenation |
| Key Concepts (39) | Hyperventilation is a resp. rate greater than that required to maintain nl levels of CO2 |
| Key Concepts (39) | Hypoventilation causes CO2 retention |
| Key Concepts (39) | Hypoxia occurs if the amount of O2 delivered to the tissues is low |
| Key Concepts (39) | The RN hx/assessment include info about the client's cough, dyspnea, fatigue, wheezing, chest pain, envir. exposures, resp. infection, cardiopulmonary risk factors, and use of meds |
| Key Concepts (39) | diagnostic/lab procedures may be needed to complete the database for a client with decreased oxygenation |
| Key Concepts (39) | breathing exercises improve ventilation, oxygenation, and sensations of dyspnea |
| Key Concepts (39) | nebulization delivers small drops of water or particles of medication to the airways |
| Key Concepts (39) | chest physiotherapy includes postural drainage, percussion, and vibration to mobilize pulmonary secretions |
| Key Concepts (39) | coughing and suctioning techniques are used to maintain patent airway |
| Key Concepts (39) | O2 therapy is used to improve levels of tissue oxygenation and is delivered by a nasal cannula, nasal catheter, or oxygen mask |
| Clients with anemia may complain of: | lack of energy |
| The most common toxic inhalant that decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is: | carbon monoxide |
| Conditions such as shock and sever dehydration resulting from ECF loss and reduced circulatory volume cause: | hypovolemia |
| Fever increases the tissue's need for oxygen, and as a result: | CO2 increases |
| Cyanosis, the blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by the presence of desaturated hemoglobin in capillaries is a: | late sign of hypoxia |
| A person who starts smoking in adolescence and continues to smoke into middle age: | has an increases risk for cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer |
| A simple & cost effective method for reducing the risk of stasis of pulmonary secretions and decreased chest wall expansion is: | frequent changes of position |
| The most effective position for a client with cardiopulmonary disease is: | 45-degrees semi-Fowlers |
Created by:
rschoengold
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