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Microevolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the social function of creation myths? | They describe an attitude towards reality. |
| What did Lamarck contribute to our understanding of evolution? | He proposed a single evolutionary sequence of simple to complex life forms and also the inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
| What did Darwin contribute to our understanding of evolution? | Descent with modification- proposed natural selection as a method where species could change over time. |
| How did Malthus influence Darwin? | Malthus wrote about population crashes and the struggle for survival, which led Darwin to think about the idea of fitness and competition for survival, as well as natural selection. |
| How did Darwin define evolution? | As "modification with descent" |
| What is the best definition for natural selection? | Varying reproduction in a genetically diverse population. |
| What was the name of the ship Darwin sailed on? | The HMS Beagle. |
| What was the name of Darwin's groundbreaking publication in 1859? | The Origin of Species. |
| What was Darwin's logic in proposing natural selection? | 1. That all organisms struggle for survival. 2. That members of a species vary from one another. 3. That some variants will survive while others perish. Hence, species will be modified in the direction that has the most advantage. |
| What are some forms of evidence for each of Darwin's steps of logic for natural selection? | 1. Many species are prolific breeders and have many more offspring than are needed for replacement. 2. No two (non-twin) individuals are identical. 3. Differential reproduction |
| Who was Herbert Spencer? | He was an English philosopher, biologist, and sociologist. |
| What is survival of the fittest, and why is this a bad idea? | The idea that only the fit survive. It is a bad idea because it is simply true- only the fittest survive, and only those that survive are the fittest. |
| What is a tautology? | The saying of the same thing twice in different words; a statement true by its logical form. |
| What is Lamarck's theory of evolutionary change? | That organisms respond to their environment, acquire a variation, and pass this variation onto their descendants. |
| What is Darwin's mechanism for evolutionary change? | Darwin proposed that some individuals are more suited to their environment, while others perish. The ones that survive breed and pass on the beneficial characteristic. |
| What is phenotypic variation? | Differences in the physical and physiological traits of a population. For instance, skin color, hair color, taster/non-taster, blood type. |
| How can genetic variation be studied using gel electrophoresis? | Gel electrophoresis can be used to study protein (enzyme) and DNA polymorphism within populations such as birds, fruit flies, etc. |
| What is the equation for the Hardy-Weinberg principle? | p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 |
| What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle represent? | It represents a population in stability which is undergoing evolution. |
| What does the H-W principle demonstrate? | It demonstrates that random mating and meiosis do not cause evolutionary change. |
| What can the H-W principle be used for? | It can be used to demonstrate that dominant alleles do not increase in frequency while recessives reduce. |
| What are the 5 assumptions of the H-W principle? | 1. No mutation; 2. No gene flow; 3. Random mating; 4. Large population; 5. No selection occurs |
| How many generations of random mating are required for a population to be in H-W equilibrium? | One generation. |
| What is allele frequency? | The relative abundance of each kind of allele among all the individuals of a population. |
| What is genotype frequency? | The proportion of genotypes in a population. |
| What is a locus? | The position of a gene on a chromosome. |
| what is an allele? | One or more forms of a gene found at the same locus. |
| What is a gene? | A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein or nucleic acid. |
| What are the 5 agents of evolutionary change? | 1. Mutation; 2. Gene flow; 3. Nonrandom mating; 4. Genetic drift; 5. Selection |
| What is artificial selection, and how does it differ from natural selection? | It is when a breeder (human) selects for desired characteristics. It is different because it does not always select for best fitness. |
| Give some examples of natural selection in real populations. | 1. Pocket mice and fence lizards vary in color depending on the color of the habitat in which they reside. 2. Northern killifish have an enzyme that works more efficiently in the cold and vice versa. 3. Pesticide and antibiotic resistance. |
| What is adaptive evolutionary change? | A change that helps an organisms fit in better with its environment. |
| What is fitness? Which individual is the fittest? | Fitness is an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. The fittest individual is the one who has the highest reproductive output in their lifetime. |
| Name two forms of genetic drift and explain them. | 1. Founder effect: a population started by a small group of individuals; genetic variation is small (Amish). 2. Bottleneck effect: A catastrophe leads to a small population of surviving individuals and low genetic variability. (elephant seals) |
| Name two types of non-random mating and explain them. | 1. Assortative mating: like mates with like, increases homozygous individuals; 2. Disassortative mating: like mates with dislike, producing an excess of heterozygotes. Ex: MHC proteins |
| How is fitness measured? | A phenotype with greater fitness usually increases in frequency; the most fit is given a value of 1. |
| What are the 3 components of fitness? Give some examples. | 1. Survival; 2. Mating success; 3. Fecundity. Examples: water striders, leaf symmetry in sagebrush |
| How does selection interact with mutation? | Mutation rarely does this because it does not happen often. |
| How does selection interact with gene flow? | Gene flow may help or hinder evolutionary change. For instance, bent grass growing on copper tailings has an advantage in being resistant to copper; however, downwind plants have lower fitness because they are not well-suited to regular soil. |
| How does selection interact with genetic drift? | Genetic drift involves chance, so it can counter selection, but only in very small populations. |
| What are 3 processes that maintain genetic variation? | 1. Frequency-dependent selection; 2. Oscillating selection; 3. Heterozygote superiority. |
| What is frequency-dependent selection? Name and explain two kinds. | Selection that depends on how often or rarely a phenotype occurs in a population. Negative favors rare phenotype survival; positive favors common phenotype survival. Example: water boatman, novel male guppies |
| What is oscillating selection? Give an example. | Selection favors one phenotype, then another at different times. The medium ground finches' beaks are an example. |
| What is heterozygote superiority? Give an example. | Heterozygotes may be more fit than homozygotes. Sickle-cell anemia is an example. |
| What are 3 kinds of selection? | 1. Stabilizing; 2. Directional; 3. Disruptive |
| What is stabilizing selection? Give and example. | Removing individuals with extreme phenotypes from the population. Ex: Birth weight in humans. |
| What is directional selection? Give an example. | Removing one extreme phenotype from the population. Ex: Small body size in pink salmon |
| What is disruptive selection? Give an example. | Removing the average individuals from a population. Ex: large and small beaks in black-bellied seedcracker finches |
| What were Endler and Resnick's field observations of guppies? | Male guppies were more brightly colored in pools where their major predator was absent than in pools where it was present. |
| What was the setup and outcome of Endler and Resnick's lab experiment with guppies? | They set up 10 large pools with guppies and eventually introduced two different types of predators. After 10 generations, they found the pools with pike had dull-colored guppies. |
| What did Endler and Resnick do in the field experiment, and what was the outcome? | They took highly-predated guppies and put them in pools without predators. After 10 generations, these dull-colored guppies evolved to be brightly colored. |
| What are the limits of selection? | 1. Genes affect multiple traits (pleiotropy); 2. Evolution requires genetic variation; 3. Genes interact with one another (epistasis). |
| What is pleiotropy? Antagonistic pleiotropy? | A single gene can affect more than one trait. Antagonistic is when selecting for one trait (clutch size) affects another trait detrimentally (shell thickness). |
| What is epistasis? | Interactions between gene loci; the suppression of one gene by another. |
| Why is genetic variation important? | Natural selection can only act if genetic variation is present. |
Created by:
jdesrochers
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