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Chap. 8 Bacterial Ge

Chapter 8: Bacterial Genetics

QuestionAnswer
Auxotroph A microorganism that requires an organic growth factor.
Conjugation Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in which the donor cell must physically contact the recipient cell.
DNA-Mediated Transformation Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer between bacteria in which the donor cell must physically contact the recipient cell.
Extrachromosomal DNA that is not part of a chromosome.
Genomic Island Large segment of DNA that has been acquired from another species through horizontal gene transfer. Examples include pathogenicity islands and antibiotic resistant islands.
Genotype The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of an organism.
Haploid Containing only a single set of genes.
Homologous Recombination Genetic exchange between stretches of similar or identical nucleotide sequences. Involves a type of breakage and rejoining of DNA into new combinations and replacement of DNA.
Horizontal Gene Transfer Transmission of DNA from one bacterium to another by conjugation, DNA-mediated transformation, or transduction. Also called lateral gene transfer.
Mutation A change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell's DNA, which is then passed on to daugher cells. A mutation can alter the protein which it encodes.
Non-Homologous Recombination Genetic recombination that does not require the two DNAs to have similar sequences in the region of recombination. Frequently the process involves addition and not replacement of genes.
Phenotype The observed characteristics of a cell resulting from expression of the genotype.
Plasmid A small extrachromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome and generally encodes information not essential to the life of the cell.
Phototroph A microorganism that has no requirements for organic growth factors because it can synthesize them.
Reactive Oxygen Toxic forms of oxygen that modify and damage DNA.
Replicon A piece of DNA that has an origin of replication and is therefore capable of replicating.
Transduction Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer between bacteria in which bacterial DNA is transferred inside a phage coat.
Transposable Element (Transposon) Genes that move from one replicon to another site on the same replicon, or to another replicon in the same cell. Involves non-homologous recombination.
Name the two genetic changes that can alter the properties of bacteria. 1. Mutation 2. Gene Transfer
Distinguish between the genotype and the phenotype of a cell. Genotype--The sequence of nucleotides in an organism's DNA. Phenotype--The observed characteristics of a cell resulting from expression of the genotype.
Created by: 1756311159
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