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Biol 211
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biology is? | The scientific study of living organisms |
| Theories and hypotheses differ in | the amount of evidence they are based on |
| hypothesis based science is based on | deductive reasoning (general to specific) |
| a community refers to | all the different species within an area |
| an ecosystem refers to | the abiotic and biotic components within an area |
| a population refers to | a single species living within an area |
| a biosphere refers to | a collection of ecosystems |
| what organism is responsible for making aerobic respiration possible? | cyanobacteria |
| multicellular organisms are hypothesized to have arisen | about 1.5 billion years ago |
| earth formed about | 4.5 bya |
| first cells (prokaryotic) formed | 3.5 bya |
| 02 buildup from cyanobacteria | 2.5 bya |
| first eukaryotic organism (unicellular) | 2.0 - 2.5 bya |
| gram positive bacteria | have more peptidoglycan than gram negative bacteria |
| chemoautotrophs | get energy from chemical bonds |
| what process will kill endospores? | autoclaving |
| the parasite trypanosoma is? | a kinetoplastid |
| supergroup alveolata includes | apicomplexans, ciliates, dinoflagellates |
| plasmodial slime molds form | a large cytoplasmic mass with several nuclei |
| cellular slime molds function | as single cells until food is scarce |
| macronucleus in ciliates is for: | everyday function |
| micronucleus in ciliates is for: | sexual reproduction |
| the organism responsible for red tides is: | dinoflagellates |
| organisms responsible for Irish potato famine, sudden oak death | oomycytes |
| diatoms have walls made of | silica |
| supergroup amoebas include: | entamoebas and gymnamoebas |
| hyphae | threadlike filaments |
| mycelium | mass of hyphae |
| septa | cross walls that divide hyphae; have pores |
| fungi have cell walls made of | chitin |
| how large can a mycelium get? | 2200 acres, hundreds of tons |
| important effect of chytrids | may be responsible for massive decline in world-wide amphibian population |
| spore is | small, one-celled reproductive unit, adaptive for unfavorable conditions, asexual |
| bread mold is | zygomycetes |
| unicellular ascomycete | yeast |
| what are lichens | fungal symbiont (with green alga or cyanobacteria)...algal or cyanobacteria in mass of hyphae of fungi |
| what is a soredium? | small cluster of hypae within algal cells |
| what is a fairy ring? | naturally occurring ring of mushrooms |
| how many species of protists have been identified? | >60,000 species >40 phyla |
| diseases caused by excavates | trichomoniasis, african sleeping sickness, giardia |
| supergroup excavates characterized by: | excavated feeding tube |
| what causes malaria | plasmodium |
| supergroup alveolata characterized by | small membrane bound cavities under cell membrane |
| types of excavates: | kinetoplastids, euglena |
| three major phyla in alveolata | ciliates, apicomplexa, dinozoa (dinoflagelletes) |
| supergroup stramenopila characterized by | presence of hair like projections on one of typically two flagella |
| three major phyla of stramenopila | diatoms, oomycytes, phaeophyceae (brown algae/kelp) |
| supergroup rhizaria characterized by | presence of threadlike pseudopida |
| three major phyla of rhizaria: | chlorarachniophyta, radiolaria, foraminefera (the beautiful ones) |
| supergroup amoebozoa phyla: | entamoebas, gymnamoebas, cellular slime molds, plasmodial slime molds |
| supergroup opisthokonta | includes both animals and fungi (green algae, red algae, choanoflagelletes) |
| what group of protists is most closely related to animals | choanoflagelletes |
| chytrids | group of fungi |
| zygomycota | zygomycetes (group of fungi) |
| glomeromycetes | zygote fungi |
| ascomycota | sac fungi |
| basidiomycota | club fungi |
| what forms most arbuscular mycorrhizae? | glomeromycetes |
| what kind of fungi are yeast? | ascomycetes |
| what kind of fungi are lichens? | ascomycetes |
| economic importance of ascomycetes | yeast (bread, beer wine), dutch elm disease, edible fungi, antibiotics |
| economic imporatnce of basidimycetes | edible (mushrooms, corn smut), poisonous, pathogens, decomposers |
| hallucinogenic mushroom | psilocybe azurescens |
| aplha-amanitin | inhibits transcription and causes total liver and kidney failure |
| how many species of prokaryotes on earth | estimated 5-30 million |
| how many prokaryotes have been named | <10,000, likely that millions exist |
| species and number of prokaryotic cells in mouth | 500 species, 100 billion cells |
| species and number of prokaryotic cells in intestines | 500-1000 species, 10-100 trillion cells |
| how many eukaryotic cells in body | 10 trillion |
| capsule of prokaryote | sticky polysaccharide on cell surface--prevents drying out and helps escape from predators |
| cocci | berry shaped |
| bacilli | rod shaped |
| vibrio | comma shaped |
| sprichete | flexible sprial |
| sprilla | rigid spiral |
| diplo | pairs |
| strepto | chains |
| staphyl | cluster |
| obligate aerobes | require o2 |
| facultative anaerobes | can use 02 but don't need it |
| obligate anaerobes | poisoned by 02 |
| aerotolerant anaerobes | dont use o2, but not poisoned by it |
| some diseases caused by bacteria | cholera, gonorrhea, lyme disease |
| antibiotic | inhibits peptidoglycan in cell walls of bacteria, does not affect eukaryotic cells. often made by fungi, sometimes bacteria |
| akinete | thick walled cell with food reserves to survive stressful period |
| endospores | specialiezed resistant cells formed by bacteria when environment becomes inhospitable |
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