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Chapter 4 vocabulary
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acids | supply an excess of H+ ions that make the water solution acidic |
| Adenine | (A) in both DNA--oposite tymidine (T)--RNA--oposite uridine (U) |
| Bases | supply an excess of OH- ions, making the solution basic or alkaline because many of the free H+ ions are used by the OH- ions to form water (H20) |
| Cholesterols | lipids contained in animal cells-- |
| Chromosome | thousands of genes make up a single piece of double-stranded DNA |
| Codons | nucleic acid letters read in triplets--each 3 letter work codes for a specific amino acid--bluprint and codes for how proteins will be organized- |
| Cytosine | Base in DNA and RNA--always oposite guinine (G) |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA--2 strands of nucleic acid--always pair in a certain order--bases adenine and thymidine always opposedand cytosine and guanine are opposed--always = numbers of A and T and = numbers of C and G--20% C+ 20% G + 30% A + 30% T = 100% |
| Enzymes | majority of protiens--workers of a cell--breakdown nutrients into molecules to give energy--join molecular subunits of macromolecules into complex material that a cell needs--including other protiens. |
| Ergosterols | lipids in fungi |
| Gene | a string of 2 letter codons, usually 300-1000 base pairs long |
| Guanine | (G) base in DNA and RNA--always apposed to cytosine (C) |
| Lipids | 4th type of macromolecule--small and span the membrane of every cell--majority `ontain phosphate and are called phospholipids--polar phosphate groups face the water on both sides of the membrane--nonpolar tails face each other in the middle-- |
| Lipids 2 | cell membrane has polar surfaces byt a nonpolar internal structure--nonpolar barrier keeps molecules out on the outside and in on the inside--wanted cells need to be transported by a cell-determined mechanism. |
| Macromolecules | polymeric(many copies of a few chemical subunits) molecules--large--may be found in numbers of 1 to 100 thousand copies per cell |
| messanger RNA | (mRNA)--DNA is initially transcribed into mRNA--actual template for protien synthesis or translation |
| Nonpolar | Oil--no charge differential--gives microbes the ability to selectively allow desired chemicals in and unwanted ones out. |
| Nucleic acid | the 3rd macromolecule--sugar-phosphate repeating structure--huge--millions of units long--each sugar has 1 of 4 poss. bases-4 letters--blueprint and codes for how protiens are organized |
| Polar | water--positive charge at 1 end and negative charge at the other--all cells are bathed in water environment |
| Polysaccharides | second type of macromolecule--sugares polymerized into long chains--serve a structural function--provide strength to the cell to keep it from breaking open |
| Proteins | 100-600 amino acid residues--20 different amino acids linked together in a cell--specific amino acids and order determine the protein function--many function structurally in cell envelope and extracellular structures--others are transporters |
| Ribonucleic acid | singe-stranded--sugar ribose--uridine (U) in place of thymidine--no constraints for numbers of As and Us or Cs and Gs to be equal |
| Sterols | type of lipid useful as target for antibiotic therapy of fungi because funngal and animal lipids vary--bacteria lack sterols with one exception-hydrophobic sterols strengthen the animals membranes |
| Thymidine | (T) base of DNA--always oposite of adenine (A) |
| Translation | protein synthesis--mRNA is used as template |
| Uridine | (U) --base of RNA--always oposite adenine (A) |
Created by:
heatherlvn
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