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Biology Chapter 35
Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Levels of organization in multicellular organisms | cell, tissue, organ, organ system |
| Nervous system | coordinates the body's response to changes in its internal and external environments. |
| Integumentary System | skin etc., serves as a barrier, regulates temp, protects against uv radiation |
| Respiratory system | provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body |
| Digestive System | Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by cells of the body, absorbs food. |
| Excretory system | eliminates waste products of metabolism from the body, maintains homeostasis |
| Skeletal System | supports the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, provides a site for blod cell formation |
| Muscular system | works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement, help sto circulate blood and move food thru the digestive system |
| Endocrine system | controls growth, development, and reproduction. |
| Reproductive system | produces reproductive cells, in females nurtures and protects developing embryo |
| Lymphatic system | helps protect the body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to circulatory system |
| Muscle tissue | controls internal movement of materials |
| Epithelial tissue | cover the surface of the body and line internal organs. |
| Connective tissue | holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together. |
| Glands | made from epithelial tissue - is a structure that makes and secretes a particular product |
| Nervous tissue | receives messages from the body's external and internal environments, analyzes the data, and directs the response |
| Feedback inhibition | when the product of a system shuts down the system or limits its operation. |
| Hypothalmus | part of the brain that controls temperature |
| Nervous system | controls and coordinates fuctions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. |
| Neuron | cells that transmit impulses, or electrical signals |
| Sensory neurons | carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal chord and brain. |
| Motor neurons | carry impulses from the brain and the spinal chord to muscles and glands. |
| Interneurons | connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them. |
| Cell body | largest part of a typical neuron |
| Dendrites | spread out from the cell body, carry impulses from the environment or other neurons toward the cell body. |
| Axon | long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body |
| Axon terminals | axon ends in a small series of swellings |
| Myelin sheath | insulating membrane that surrounds the axon. Leaves gaps called nodes that allows the impulse to jump from one node to another. |
| Resting potential | there are more potassium ions in the cell. More sodium ions are outside the cell. There is a negative charge on the inside of the membrane and a postive one outside. |
| Nerve impulse | begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by its environment. |
| Action potential | reversal of charges. The sodium gates open, and the sodium ions pour in. The potassium gates then open, and the potassium fows out. The action potential continues along the axon. |
| Threshold | minimum level of stimulus required to activate a neuron. It's all or nothing. |
| Synapse | Location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cel. There is a small cleft between the axon terminal and the dendrites. |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell. When the action potential arrives at an axon terminal, the vesicals release the neurotransmitters and they diffuse and attachthemselves to receptors on the other cell. |
| Central nervous system | relays messages, processes info, analyzes info. Consists of the brain and spinal chord. |
| Meninges | connenctive tissues that wrap the brain and spinal chord |
| Cerebronspinal fluid | between two of the layers of meninges. Bathe the brain and spinal chord and act as a shock absorber. |
| Cerebrum | Largest region of brain. Responsible for voluntary activities. |
| Corpus callosum | band of tissue that connects the hemispheres of the brain. |
| Gray matter | consists of desnsely packed nerve cell bodies. |
| Cerebral cortex | outer surface of cerebrum. |
| Cerebellum | 2nd largest, located at back of scull, coordinates and balances muscles. |
| Brain stem | includes pons and medulla oblongata. Regulates the flow of info between the brain and rest of the body. |
| Thalamus | receives messages from the sense organs and relays messages to the proper region of the cerebrum. |
| Hypothalamus | control center for recognition of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temp |
| Spinal chord | main communication link between brain and the rest of the body. |
| Reflex | quick, automatic response to a stimulus. |
| Peripheral nervous system | Divided into sensory and motor divisions. |
| Sensory division | transmits impulses from sense organs to the c.n.s. |
| Motor division | transmits imuplses from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. Divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. |
| Somatic nervous system | regulates conscious activities. Also involved with reflex arcs. |
| Autonomic nervous system | regulates involuntary activities like hearbeats. |
| Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems | both control autonomic nervous system responsibilities oppositely. |
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