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Biology Midterm

QuestionAnswer
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Carbon *C *Carbon atom- has 4 valence electrons on its outer shell, giving it the ability to form 4 covalent bonds with another element *Makes up most living organisms
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Organic Molecules *Elements bond between carbon atoms *Monomer- Molecule that links to form long chains *Macromolecules- Formed by polymerization- monomer linkage -Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins -Nucleic Acids
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Carbohydrates Elemental Ratio & Purposes *1C:2H:1O *Main (quick) energy source for living things *Used by plants & some animals for structural purposes
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Carbohydrates Simple Sugars *Glucose - simple sugar - reacts w/ BR when heated & mixed. Aqua --> orange *Monosaccharide- Simple sugar w/ 5 or 6 C atoms --Glucose, galactose, fructose ---C6H12O6 -Disaccharide- 2 monos --Maltose, sucrose, lactose
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Carbohydrates Starches *Polysaccharides- Long glucose chains --Starch, cellulose (plant), glycogen (animal) *Polymers- Large molecules made up of repeating unit chains *Starch- Complex sugar molecule chains. Iodine. Reddish brown --> Black.
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Dehydration Synthesis *H from 1 molecule breaks off with OH (carboxyl) from the other molecule, to form newly combined molecule + water *Glucose + Glucose ---> Maltose + H2O *How small molecules become large *Forms fats & starches
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Hydrolysis *Reverse of dehydration synthesis *Complex organic molecules are broken down by addition of H2O *Requires certain pH & temperature conditions & presence of certain enzymes *Ex. Digestion
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Lipids Elemental Ratio & Functions *C, H, O - No definite ratio -Stores energy -Form parts of biological membranes -Waterproof covering
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Simple Lipids *3 fatty acid molecules + 1 glycerol molecule (C3H5OH3) -Fatty acids- Carboxylic (COOH) acid w/ long hydrocarbon chains (C15H31).
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Lipids (fats) -Energy storing molecules -Formed by dehydration synthesis ->CH bonds = hard to chemically break down -Provide as much as 2x amount of energy as carbs
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Lipids Unsaturated Fat vs. Saturated Fat *Unsaturated fat- 2/3 bonds. Fewer H than sat. fats that're found in animal products. -Tend to come from plants -Less branched -Oils at room temperature -Better for you *Saturated fats- More branches/molecule chains. Solid at room temperature.
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Protein Make-Up *CHON. Some have S. *Most abundant organ.comp. in cells *Are amino acids bonded (peptide bond). Dehydrat. synth. --Peptide bond: Carboxyl (COOH) of 1 acid+amine (NH2) from another --All AAs have carboxyl,amine,&R (part that differs from other AAs) gro
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Protein Functions -Hormones -Transmitters -Enzymes -Pigments -Structural -Unique 2 species -Control rate of reactions (enzymes: catalysts) --Growth, movement, metabolism impossible w.o enzymes -Regulate cell processes -Form cell structures (skin, cartilage,tendons,ligaments) -Carry substances thru cells -Help fight disea
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Nucleic Acids *Contain genetic information & direct cell's protein production -H, O, N, C, P -Polymers of nucleotides -Nucleotide-- 5-carbon sugar bonded to N base & a phosphate group.
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Nucleic Acids DNA *Contains hereditary info./makes up genes *Giant, high molecular
Chapter 2 (Chemistry): Nucleic Acids RNA *Takes the message from DNA & directs protein synthesis -If DNA tells RNA to make a certain enzyme & amino acids arrangement isn’t correct, important compound will be lacking in body. - Miss certain enzymes due 2 mutation. *Giant, high molecular weight
Ionic Bond Electron transfer btwn. 2 elements
Covalent Bond Sharing electrons
Ion Charged particle
Chapter 1: Ecology Study of interactions of organisms w/ 1 another & their physical surrounds. Comes from Greek word oikos- "house".
Chapter 1: Biosphere "Living globe" *Part of the Earth in which life exists. All land, air, & water, as well as all existing life. *8 km below ocean's surface- 8 km above Earth's surface. *Organism distribution not even.
Chapter 1: Ecosystem *Consists of abiotic & biotic factors. --Pond ecosystem: ---Abiotic factors: Water, sunlight, soil type, rocks, temperature, humidity, elevation, & rainfall ---Biotic: Fishes, frogs, insects, snails, worms, amebas, & waterlilies.
Chapter 1: Community All populations of organisms living in a given area --Forest community: Trees, birds, & fungi
Chapter 1: Populations
Chapter 1: Succession *Ecosystems change because every organisms affects enviro. conditions around it. --Earthworms change soil texture. *New community replaces old community- happens over decades/millenniums *Can occur in previously lifeless areas
Chapter 1: Pioneer Species Organisms that colonize areas previously devoid of life
Chapter 1: Climax Community Relatively stable collection of plants & animals that results from ecological succession
Chapter 1: What process uses the CO2 to produce oxygen? Photosynthesis
Chapter 1: What is the greenhouse effect? When CO2 is released into the atmosphere, it absorbs heat energy & covers the Earth in a blanket of heat.
Chapter 1: How is deforestation related to green house effect? Heat trapped in CO2 contributes to global warming & the blanket around Earth it causes
Chapter 1: How is global warming affected by deforestation? If we don't have as many trees to absorb the CO2, it's going to stay in the atmosphere longer.
Chapter 1: How does deforestation affect the water cycle? Transpiration occurs less and erosion increases.
Chapter 1: What causes ozone depletion? Chlorofluorocarbons separate the ozone molecules.
Chapter 1: What're problems caused by ozone depletion? More UV ray exposure- leads to body problems (eyes, nose, etc.)
Chapter 1: What type of symbiosis is nitrogen fixation? Mutualism
Chapter 1: What would happen if there were no N fixing bacteria living in legume nodules? Green plants couldn't utilize N to make proteins.
Chapter 1: Can some organisms survive w/o sun energy? Yes. Chemosynthesis - chemical energy source.
Chapter 1: What 2 important things do autotrophs provide the C cycle that helped establish the ecosystems on the planet Earth? *CO2 *Ammmonium *O2 + glucose
Chapter 1: What do lichen & moss (pioneer species) do in the process of primary succession? They change the soil so that other life is able to inhabit the land.
Chapter 1: Producer Able to make its own food from inorganic substances --Green plants, certain bacteria: photosynthesis
Chapter 1: Consumer Get energy directly/indirectly from producers.
Chapter 1: Primary Consumer (1st) Feeds directly on producer
Chapter 1: Secondary Consumers 2nd level
Chapter 1: Tertiary Consumers 3rd level
Chapter 1: Quaternary Consumers 4th level
Chapter 1: Decomposers Obtain their energy from nonliving organic matter. --Bacteria, fungi
Chapter 1: Energy Pyramid # amount of incoming energy at each succession level
Chapter 1: Biomass Pyramid # mass of living tissue at each level Ex. Large amount of grass needed to feed single rabbit
Chapter 1: Numbers Pyramid Illustrates # number of organisms at each level
Chapter 1: Symbiosis (-sym together, -bios life) 2 species relationship. At least 1 species benefits from the other. Commensialism: Good 1, neutral 1 Mutualism: G1, G1 Parasitism: G1, B1
Chapter 1: Density-dependent limiting factors *Competition *Predation *Parasitism *Crowdin
Chapter 1: Niche An organism's habit & its role No 2 species can occupy same niche in same location for long- 1 species will be more efficient- survive, reproduce, drive away less efficient species to extinction. Will fight for food & space.
Chapter 1: Water Cycle Water movement from atmosphere to Earth & back. Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff water/ground water, ground water is absorbed thru roots & evaporates again.
Chapter 1: Nitrogen Cycle *Movement of N thru biosphere. -Bacteria on legumes change free N into NO3 & NO2 (N fixation) -Plants use NO3 & NO2 to make proteins -Animals eat plants, die, N goes back to soil -Bacteria in soil break down compounds into free N
Chapter 1: CO2 *Process by which C moves thru enviro. -Photosynthesis- green plants&algae use CO2 from atmosphere to form glucose. Consumers & decomposers use glucose in respiration (CO2 production) -CO2 released into atmos. completing cycle
Chapter 1: O Cycle *Movement of O thru enviro. -During photosynthesis, H2O split, releasing O into atmosphere. -O used by most organisms for respiration -H2O released during respiration -Water absorbed by plants, cycle starts again
Chapter 2: How to detect sugar Benedict's Reagent. Mix & heat - turns orange/yellow.
Chapter 2: How to detect starch Iodine. Turns black.
Chapter 2: How to detect protein Biuret Reagent. Turns lavender.
Chapter 17: Virus Structure *Core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat (capsid).
Chapter 17: Lytic Cycle i.Process in which host cell is invaded, lysed, & destroyed by virus. ii. Invades a bacterium, reproduces, and is scattered when bacterium lyses (bursts).
Chapter 17: Lysogenic Cycle Viral DNA is inserted into DNA of host cell where it can remain for many generations before becoming active.
Chapter 17: Prokaryotes -Eubacteria (larger kingdom) -Archaebacteria [lack important carb in cell wall] --Harsh environments ---Different: a.Types of lipids in cell membranes b.Ribosomes c.Gene sequences
Short Answer: Endosymbiosis Margulis's Theory: Prokaryotes lived in another moneran as endosymbionts. Endosymbionts & host cell formed good team. Sadly, endosymbionts lost independence, unable to live w.o 1 another, gave rise to organelles.
Short Answer: Antibiotic Resistance Survival of the fittest. Weakest bacteria killed off, strong bacteria live. Need stronger medicine to kill stronger bacteria. Weak strong bacteria killed off only. Cycle goes on.
Short Answer: Mitosis
Short Answer: Difference btwn. viruses & living cells 1. Cells have both DNA & RNA, viruses have one or the other. 2. Antibiotics kill cells, not viruses. 3. Cells mutate more slowly. 4. Cells have organelles, viruses don't. 5. Viruses can't live/reproduce w/o a host
Created by: lldm2
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