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Chapter 40 Potter
Fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balances
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___% of the average adult's weight is fluid | 60% |
| Intracellular fluids (ICF) | all fluid w/in body cells |
| What % of body weight is ICF? | 40% |
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) | fluid outside of a cell; divided into 3 parts, Interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, and transcellular fluids |
| What % of ECF makes up body weight? | 20% |
| What is interstitial fluid? | contains lymph, fluid between cells and outside blood vessels |
| What is Intravascular fluid? | blood plasma |
| Electrolytes | minerals or salts; when melted or dissolved in water it separates into ions and is able to carry an electrical current |
| Cation | + charged electrolytes EX: Na+ K+ Ca+ |
| Anion | - charged electrolytes EX: Cl- HCO3- SO4- |
| Solute | dissolvable in water |
| Solvent | dissolvable in plasma |
| Osmosis | movement of a pure solvent, through a semipermeable membrane, from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration to try to equalize concentrations on both sides of a membrane |
| Osmotic pressure is: | the drawing power for water & depends on the number of molecules in solution |
| A solution with the same osmolarity as blood plasma is called: | isotonic |
| Movement of a solute in a solution across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is: | diffusion |
| Filtration | water and diffusable substances move together in response to fluid pressure, moving from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure |
| hydrostatic pressure | mvmt of water from interstitial space into the intravascular space by filtration |
| Increased hydrostatic pressure causes what? | edema, as with CHF |
| Active transport | movement of materials across cell membranes requiring metabolic activity |
| homeostasis | physiological balance |
| Osmoreceptors | continually monitor the serum osmotic pressure, when osmolality increases, hypothalamus is stimulated |
| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone; stored in pituitary gland; works directly on kidney tubules and collecting ducts making them more permeable which returns water to systemic circulation |
| Aldosterone | released by adrenal cortex in response to increased K+ levels; it increases the reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ |
| Insensible water loss | continuous and not percieved by person |
| sensible water loss | through excess perspiration |
| The lungs expire____ml of water a day | 400ml |
| What are the major cations? | Na+ K+ Ca+ Ions |
| What are the major anions? | chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate |
| __% of sodium is in the ECF? Function of Na+? | 90%, maintain water balance |
| __% of K+ in ECF. What's it's function? | 2%; regulates metabolic activity |
| 1% of Ca+ is in blood, 99% in bone; what is the function? | blood clotting, bone/teeth formation |
| Magnesium is essential for: | enzyme activities, neurochemical activities, cardiac and skeletal excitability |
| __% of magnesium in ECF. Nl plasma concentration is: | 1%; 1.5-2.5 mEq/L |
| Bicarbonate, a chemical base buffer, is regulated by: | the kidneys |
| Buffer | a substance or group of substances that can absorb or release H+ to correct an acid-base balance |
| What is the largest chemical buffer in ECF? | carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffer system; reacts to change in pH of ECF within seconds |
| Biological regulation | occurs when H= ions are absorbed and released by cells, occurs only after chemiocal buffering and takes 2-4 hrs |
| Fluid volume deficit (FVD) | water & electrolytes lost in equal or isotonic proportions |
| Fluid volume excess (FVE) | water and sodium retained in isotonic proportions |
| Hyperosmolar imbalance = | dehydration |
| hypoosmolar imbalance= | water excess |
| TPN or total parenteral nutrition | nutritionally adequate hypertonic solution of glucose, electrolytes, and other nutrients given through an indwelling or central IV |
| IV fluid and electrolyte therapy | crystalloids |
| colloids | blood and blood component |
| Vascular access devices include: | catheters, cannulas, infusion ports, |
| the breakdown of RBC's is called: | hemolysis |
| Autologous transfusion | collection of clients own blood (pre-op) |
| One of the most common electrolyte imbalances is: | hypokalemia |
| The client most at risk for FVD's is: | an infant |
| One reason older adults experience fluid and electrolyte imbalance and acid-base imbalances is they: | have a decreased thirst sensation |
| Output recorded on an I & O record includes: | urine, diarrhea, vomitus, gastric suction, and drainage from wounds and tubes |
| Health promotion activities in the area of fluid and electrolyte imbalances focuses primarily on: | client teaching |
| TPN is delivered by: | indwelling or central IV catheter |
| As a safety alert the RN is aware the following med is never given directly through IV: | Potassium chloride, it will burn the vein |
| Indications of IV fluid infiltration include: | pallor and coolness |
| CDC recommends replacing peripheral venous catheters and rotating sites should occur at least every: | 72-96 hours |
Created by:
rschoengold
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