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Exam 1 Biology
From Tessa's in class notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Taxonomy | The naming of groups |
| Did King Phillip Come Over for Good Spaghetti? | Mnemonic for taxonomy |
| Mnemonic Analogy | learning memory tool |
| How many domains are there, and what are they? | 3 total, Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
| How many kingdoms are there? | 4 total, know Animalia |
| How many Phylums are there for us to know? | 9 |
| What are the Phylums? | Porifera, Cnidara, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Ecchinodermata, Chordata |
| Mnemonic for remembering Phylums | Pretty Cats Purr And May Need Aggressive Ear Cleaning |
| Opposite of extinct | Extant |
| Standards for writing the species name as if it were typed | write in cursive and capitalize the first letter |
| Standards for typing the species name | type it italicized, and capitalize the first letter |
| When can you abbreviate a genus name? | When you have written it once in a paper (E. Coli) |
| Standards for writing the species name | Capitalize the first letter, don't capitalize first letter of second word, underline each seperately |
| Porifera | Sponges |
| Cnidaria | anemones, jellies, coral polyps |
| Sedentary | can locomote, but usually don't |
| Locomote | free moving |
| sessille | stuck to substrate, move but not locomote |
| Platyhelminthes | flatworms-> planaria, tapeworm, fluke |
| Annelida | segmented worm->earthworm, sandworm, leech |
| Mollusca | clam, mussels, octopod, squid, cuttlefish, chitons, limpids, geoduck |
| Nematoda | "roundworms", heartworms,(typically occur in really high numbers), guinea worm |
| Arthropoda | suit of armor, heavier more resilient exoskeleton made out of the protein chitin. Very diverse. Crabs, beetles, ants lobsters, scorpions. Always have paired apendages. shrimp barnacles ladybug, centipede |
| Echinodermata | meaning spiny skin, seastars, sea cucumbers, brittle star, sand dollar, sea urchin, basket star, waterbear |
| Chordata | humans, dogs, cats, elephants, rhinoceros, bats, snakes, turtle, frog |
| phylogenetic systematics | study of evoloutionary relationships among organisms using shared derived characters |
| phylogenetic tree | branching diagram that portrays the hypothesized evolutionary relationships and sequences of events that link taxa; the more lines of evidence used to build the tree, the stronger (more supported) the hypothesis |
| Taxon/taxa | an identifiable category of organisms |
| autapomorphy | a form of a character state found only in a singe terminal taxon |
| binary character | a character with only two character states; coded 0 and 1 |
| character | a feature of an organism that can be observed and described may be morphological, physiological, biochemical, molecular, behavioral |
| character state | one of two or more alternate forms of the same character |
| homology | a character that is present due to inheritance from a common ancestor |
| homoplasy | characters that are similar but are considered to have originated independently of each other (convergent evolution); a character is homoplasious if it occurs more than once on a tree |
| multistate character | a character that has more than two character states; coded 0,1,2 etc, does not necessarily imply order |
| symplesiomorphy | a pre-existing character state shared by both the out group and the in group; provides no information in resolving phylogenetic relationships for a given tree |
| synapomorphy | a shared derived character state that defines a group of taxa and that is not present in the out group; provides the most information in resoloving phylogenetic relationships |
| branch | a line connecting an internal node to a terminal taxon |
| clade | a grouping within a phylogenetic tree which includes a common ancestral population (node) plus all its descendents; the entire tree can be considered a clade where smaller, newer clades are hierarchically nested within larger, older clades |
| in-group | taxa in the in group are hypothesized to share an ancestral species not shared by any other taxon |
| internode | the line connecting two nodes |
| out group | a species or taxpon that is used to determine which of two homologous character states may be inferred to be derived/ found only within the in group |
| node | the branching point on a cladogram which represents the splitting event which gave rise to the two descendent taxa; branches above a node can be rotated without changing the relationships among the taxa |
| paraphyletic group | an artificial group of taxa which excludes one or more descendents within a clade but includes the clade's most recent common ancestor |
| parsimony | principle of phylogenetics which forces one to accept the tree with the fewest character state changes |
| polyphlyetic group | an artificial group of taxa based on homoplasy; excludes other descendent(s) and does not include the most recent common ancestor |
| polytomy | an unresolved group of three or more taxa |
| root | the most basal internode at the bottom of a tree |
| sister group | the taxon hypothesized to be the closest relative of another taxon. |
| terminal node | is the hypothetical last common ancestral interbreeding population of the taxon labeled at the tip of a branch |
| preygotic barrier | impede mating/harder fertilization |
| postzygotic barrier | prevent hybrid from into viable fetile adult (zygote forms but still can't continue reproduction) |
| prezygotic types | habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, genetic isolation (get my hot bath towel) |
| habitat isolation | diff habitats w/in same area b/c members unlikely to find eachother |
| temporal isolation | diff temporal patterns (do things @ diff times) b/c unlikely to encounter |
| behavioral isolation | diff courtship rituals b/c members aren't likely to attract eachother |
| mechanical isolation | (anatomical) incompatible reproductive gear because members can't engage |
| genetic isolation | chemical incompatible gametes b/c gametes can't engage can't fuse or fusion will go away |
| speciation types | end result may be reproductive incompatibility. allopatric, sympatric, |
| allopatric | geographic barrier to gene flow b/w 2 populations, anything physical (ello patrick) |
| sympatric | with patrick, non geographic barrier to gene flow. Most common route: differential resource explotation, non random mating, least common polyploidy |
| what seperates pops in to subgroups? | physical barriers (allopatric), mutations, polyploidy, migration |
| how do subgroups become distinct species? | seperate gene flow over time |
| what helps species seperate? | reproductive incompatibility (the entire spectrum, including having infertile offspring) so these two individuals cannot start own multi-organism population |
| postzygotic types | hybrids, no viable, their offspring are infertile/inviable |
| niche | impact on resources/community ecological role. total of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources in environment |
| in any community limited occupancy -> | ->limited niches |
| No 2 species can ever... | ...occupy the same exact nice (competition for everything) |
| adaptive rotation | common ancestor yields may diverge species when introduced to various new environment opportunities/challenges |
| linnaeus | taxonomy |
| hutton, cuvier, lyell | ideas all surrounding geographical process |
| lyell | uniformitarism |
| lamarck | acquired traits are heritable, use it and pass it on or lose it |
| uniformitarism | changes occur today in the same way as they did in the past |
| hutton and cuvier | studies strata and earth, believed little changes occured gradually over time |
| cuvier | big changes occur catastrophically (big events suddenly) |
| evolution via natural selection | darwin, wallace |
| evolution | change over time in a population (not an individual), takes many generations by a variety of mechanisms |
| natural selection | those best suited...reproduce with greater success |
| darwins flawed genetics | though acquired characteristics could be inherited unlike mendel |
| best way for determining natural vs artificial selection | intent |
| artificial selection | we act as the selector. we are intentionally applying a pressure to reach a goal. |
| does selection ever operate under non environmental pressures? | sexual selection (male peacock) |
| sexual dimorphism | two morphs of gender peacock |
| seasonal dimorphism | organisms that change color in response to seasons (dessert plants) |
| hermaphrodite | has both functioning male and female parts earthworm, flowers |
| advantage of sexual reproduction | genetic diversity |
| monoecious | "one house" both reproductive organs are housed in the same body. hermaphrodite |
| dioecious | "two house" seperate sexes, each reproductive system is housed in a seperate body |
| what types of organisms wouldn't experience sexual selection? | organsims that are asexual such as bacteria. a monogomous pair that mates for life is less likely to experience sexual pressure. |
| sexual selection | those individuals who attract mates w/ greater resluts are more likely to pass on the their genes. |
| evolution by means of any selection | 1.new selective pressure arises 2. certain individuals contribute more to the gene pool of the next generation than others 3. allele frequencies within the population change from one generation to the next |
| evidence for evolution | fossil record, artifical selection, evol. observed in organisms w/very short lifespans,homologous (shared derived characters), pops are rarely in hardy wei. |
| biotic/abiotic | bones, amber, tar, peat moss/bog, excrement |
| evolution | change over time int he genetic composition of a population (natural, asexual, artificial) |
| population | group of individual organisms which 1.can interbreed 2.can produce fertile offspring 3.occupies a limited locale |
| gene pool | all the alleles in all individuals of a population |
| microevolution | change in the allele frequencies of a population from generation to generation |
| what changes can alter allele frequencies? | natural selection, sexual selection, mutation, migration, small population |
| genetic drift | change by chance |
| gene flow tends to increase ? but reduce ? | increase variation but reduce differences between populations |
| founder effect | few individuals emigrate or become isolated, the new population established is not representative of the parent pop. |
| microevolution is not occuring | population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium |
| dichotomous keys | helps biologists choose between taxa |
| trend | # of taxa or groups you have to differentiate usually 1 or n1 |
| biological species concept | members are reproductively compatible with each other but not with members of other groups |
| key to speciation | reproductive incompatibility |
| speciating | becoming reproductively incompatible speciated |
| parsimonius | least number of character changes |
Created by:
daisyrux
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