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Bio-Cells Unit
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| General Plasma Membrane. | Bounds the cell and encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm consists of specialized bodies called organelles suspended in the fluid matrix-cytosol-which consists of water and dissolved substances such as proteins and nutrients. |
| More plasma membrane. | Separates internal events from the external environment and controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell. Has a double phospholipid membrane.Cell walls are found in plants(cellulose), fungi(chitin)and bacteria(peptidoglycon). |
| Plasma membrane is selectively permeable | Small and uncharged particles freely pass through the membrane |
| Channel and Transport Proteins | Channel proteins provide passageways through the membrane for certain hydrophilic substances-Transport proteins spend ATP to transfer materials across the membrane-known as active transport |
| Difference between diffusion and active transport. | Active transport requires energy and goes from low to high concentration whereas diffusion does not require energy and goes from high to low concentration. |
| Recognition and Adhesion Proteins | Recognition proteins distinguish the identity of neighboring cells-are glycoproteins because they have short polysaccharide chains attached. Adhesion proteins attach cells to neighboring cells,provide anchors for the internal filaments that give stability |
| Receptor and Electron Transfer Proteins | Receptor proteins provide binding sites for hormones or other trigger molecules.These chemicals then activate a specific cell response. Electron transfer proteins are involved in transferring electrons from one molecule to another |
| Cholesterol molecules | Provide some rigidity to the plasma membranes of animal cells. |
| Glycocalyx | Carbohydrate coat that covers the outer face of the cell wall of some bacteria and the outer face of the plasma membrane of animal cells. Provides adhesive capabilities, a barrier to infection or markers for cell-cell recognition. |
| Nucleus | Bound by the nuclear envelope consisting of 2phospholipidbilayer.Contains DNA,the hereditary info of the cell.Normally spread out as a threadlike matrixchromatin.Chromatin condenses into-chromosomes.Histones oraganize into bundles called nucleosomes |
| Ribosome | Subunits are made in the nucleus and consist of small rna subunit and a large protein subunit. They assist in the assembly of amino acids into proteins. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Consists of stacks of flattened sacs.When ribosomes are present=rough E-create glycoproteins.Smooth ER involved in synthesis of lipids and hormones,breakdown of toxins.Vesicle takes material made in ER to golgi apparatus |
| Golgi Apparatus | Modify and package proteins and lipids into vesicles-bud from outside surface of GA-they often migrate and merge with the plasma membrane releasing its contents outside of the cell. |
| Lysosomes and Peroxisomes | L are vesicles from GA that contain digestive enzymes-break down food,cellular debris and foreign invaders. Do not occur in plant cells. P breaks down fatty acids and amino acids. |
| Mitochondria and Chloroplast | Breaks down glucose and makes ATP. Chloroplast takes energy and converts it to ATP. |
| Cytoskeleton | Microtubules are made up of protein tubulin and provide support and motility for for cellular activities. Intermediate fibers provide support.Microfilaments made up of actin. Microtubules are the biggest. |
| Flagella and Cilia | Flagella are long and few and move in a snakelike motion. Cilia are short and many and move backandforth. Both have 9+2 structure. |
| Centrioles and centrosomes | Centrioles and basal bodies act as microtubile organizing center (MTOC's). A pair of centrioles are enclosed in a centrosome. Basal bodies are at the base of each flagellum and cilium and organize their development. Both centrioles and basal bodies -9+0 |
| What do cell junctions do? | Anchor cells to one another or to provide a passageway for cellular exchange. |
| Anchoring Junctions | Protein attachments between adjacent animal cells. Desmosome consists of proteins that bind adjacent cells together providing mechanical stability to tissues. |
| Tight Junctions | Tightly stitched seams between animal cells |
| Gap Junction | Narrow tunnels between animal cells that consist of proteins called connexions=prevents the cytoplasm from each cell from mixing but allows the passage of small particles-cell ccommunication |
| Plasmodesmata | Narrow channels between plant cells- allows the cytoplasm of one cell to be continuous with the cytoplasm of its neighbor. |
| Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes | Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles-hereditary material a single DNA molecule without proteins, ribosomes are smaller |
| Exocytosis | Process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell |
| Endocytosis | Capture of a substance outside the cell-Phagocytosis=undissolved material enters the cell-Pinocytosis=dissolved material entires the cell-receptor mediated endocytosis-specific molecules bind to receptors in coated pits=ligands |
| Contractile Vacuole | Specialized organelles in single-celled organisms that collect and pump excess water out of cell so more room for other things |
Created by:
shortee
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