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Bio-chemistry Unit

QuestionAnswer
What is an atom? Consists of a nucleus of positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons and negatively charged electrons are arranged outside of the nucleus.
What are molecules? Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
What is electronegativity? The ability of an atom to attract electrons. There are three kinds of bonds-ionic, covalent: nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, hydrogen.
What are ionic bonds? Two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other. Occurs when one atom has a much stronger pull on the electrons. The atom that gains electrons has an overall negative charge and atom that loses electrons has an overall +.
What are covalent bonds? Electrons between atoms are shared- when the electronegativites are similar. NP- electrons shared equally-two atoms are identical. Polar-electrons are shared unequally
What are hydrogen bonds? Weak bonds between molecules.
Properties of water Part 1. Excellent solvent.High heat capacity-changing temperature very slowly with changes in its heat content-large bodies of water are very stable.Ice floats-water expands as it freezes becomes less dense-hydrogen bonds constantly breaking and reforming.
Properties of water Part 2. Has strong cohesion and high surface tension. Cohesion-attraction between like substances this produces a high surface tension. Strong adhesion-attraction of unlike substances-capillary action-rising up the tubing or creeping through paper.
What are organic molecules? Have carbon atoms. Large organic molecules=macromolecules consists of thousands of atoms. Many are polymers-molecules that consist of a single unit monomer repeated many times.
What are carbohydrates? Classified into groups according to number of sugar molecules present- monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide.
What is a monosaccharide? Simplest carbohydrate-consists of a single molecule
What is a dissaccharide? Two sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage-covalent bond during a dehydration synthesis-water molecule is lost during the process- glucose+frutose=sucrose, glucose+gluclose=maltose
What is a polysaccharide? Starch-Alphaglucose-energy storage molecule in plants. Glycogen-alpha glucose molecules-differs due to polymer branching-energy storage in animal cells. Cellulose-Bglucose molecules-structural molecule in plants.Chitin-Bglucose-strucutal in fungus
What are lipids? Class of substances that are insoluble in water but are soluble in nonpolar substances.Three kinds-Triglycerides, phospholipid and steriods.
What are triglycerides? Includes fats and oils.Consist of 3 fatty acid attached to a glycerol.Saturated-single covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms- saturated by hydrogen. Monosaturated-1doublecovalentbond and each of the two C has 1H.Polyunsaturated-2+doubleCbonds
What is a phospholipid? One fatty acid chain is replaced by a phosphate group- two fatty acid tails of the P are np and hydrophobic and the P head is polar and hydrophilic.Ampipathic=both NP and P regions.
What is a steroid? Backbone of four linked carbon rings- examples:cholesterol, testosterone and estrogen.
Types of Proteins? Structural proteins-keratin in hair.Storage :casein in milk.Transport: oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in red blood cells.Defensive:antibodies that provide protection against foreign substances.Enzymes:regulate rate of chemical reaction.
What are proteins? All proteins are polymers of amino acids - the bonds between amino acids=peptide bonds and the chain is called a polypeptide.
Protein Structure? Primary-describes the order of amino acids.Secondary-3D shape that results from hydrogen bonding between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids.Spiral(alpha helix)or folded plane=Bpleatedsheet.Tertiary-3D shaping. Quaternary-2+peptidechain
What factors contribute to tertiary structure? Hydrogen and ionic bonding between R groups of amino acids. Hydrophobic effect-hydrophobic R groups move toward the center of the protein.Formation of disulfide bonds
Nucleic Acids? DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. DNA nucleotide consists of nitrogen base, 5carbon sugar(deoxyribose) and a phosphate group. Four Dna nucleotides-adenine-doubleringbase(purine),thymine-singlering(pyrimidine)cytosine(likeT)guanine(likeA)
How does RNA differ from DNA? Sugar in the nucleotide that make up RNA is ribose, not deoxyribose. Thymine nucelotide does not occur in RNA it is replaced by uracil so uracil pairs up with adenine. RNA is usually single-stranded and does not from a double helix
What are cofactors? Nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes.
What is a holoenzyme? The union of the cofactor and the enzyme.
Created by: shortee
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