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HESI A2 Defs
Definitions to know
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absolute zero | The lowest possible temperature (-273.15C) measured in Kelvin at 0, never actually obtained |
| Absorption | The process by which a substance is soaked up |
| Acid | A substance that can give a proton to another substance. Acids are compounds, cont H, that can attack and dissolve many substances. Desc as weak or strong, dilute or concentrated, mineral or organic. |
| Acidic solution | A solution with a pH lower than 7 |
| Acidity | General term for the strength of an acid in a solution (H+) |
| Acid Radical | The negative ion left behind when an acid loses a Hydrogen ion. E.g. Cl- in HCL |
| Acid Salt | Contains at least one H ion and can behave as an acid in chem reax, produced under conditions that do not allow complete neutralisation of the acid. |
| Aerobe | microorganism that grows in the presence of oxygen |
| Amino Acid | Any of 20 basic bldg blocks of proteins - composed of a free amino (NH2) end, a free carboxyl (COOH) end, and a side group (R). |
| Anaerobe | Organism that grows in the absence of oxygen |
| Antibiotic resistance | ability of microorganism to produce a protein that disables antibiotic or prevents transport of antibiotic to cell |
| Antibiotic | class of natural and synthetic compounds that inhibit the growth of or kill other microbes |
| Antibody | An immunoglobin protein produced by B-lymphocytes of the immune system that binds to specific antigen molecule. |
| Anticodon | Nucleotide base triplet in a transfer RNA mol that pairs with a complementary base triplet, or codon, in a messenger RNA molecule. |
| Antigen | Any foreign substance, such as a virus, bacterium, or protein that elicits an immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies. |
| Antigen determinant | Surface feature of a microorganism or macromolecule, such as a glycoprotein, that elicits an immune response |
| Antimicrobial agent | Any chemical or biological agent that harms the growth of microorganisms |
| Asexual reproduction | Nonsexual means of reproduction which can include grafting and budding |
| Autosome | A chromosome that is not involved in sex de-termination |
| Bacillus | A rod-shaped bacterium |
| Backcross | Crossing an org with one of its parent org's |
| Bacteriocide | Class of antibiotics that kills bacterial cells |
| Bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria. Altered forms are used as vectors for cloning DNA. |
| Bacteriostat | Class of antibiotics that prevents growth of bacterial cells. |
| Bacterium | Single-celled, microscopic prokaryotic organism: a single cell organism w/o a distinct nucleus. |
| Base Pair (bp) | Pair of complementary nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule--A-T G-C. Also, the unit of measurement for DNA sequences. |
| Biologics | Agents (such as vaccines) that give immunity to diseases or harmful biotic stresses. |
| Carcinogen | substance that induces cancer |
| Carcinoma | Malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue, which forms the skin and outer cell layers of internal organs. |
| Catalyst | Substance that promotes a chemical reax by lowering the activation energy of a chem reax, but which itself remains unaltered by the reaction. |
| Catalytic Antibody (ABENZYME) | Antibody selected for its ability to catalyze a chemical reax by binding to and stabilizing the trasition state intermediate. |
| Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme) | natural or synthetic RNA mol that cuts an RNA substrate |
| Cation | Positively charged ion |
| Centers of Origin | Usu the location in the world where the oldest cultivation of a particular crop has been identified |
| Centromere | Central portion of the chromosome to which the spindle fibers attach during mitotic and meiotic division |
| Chemotherapy | Treatment for cancers that involves administering chemicals toxic to malignant cells. |
| Chloramphenicol | Antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis. |
| Chromatid | Each of the 2 daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere during mitosis and meiosis. |
| Codon | Group of three nucleotides that specifies addition of one of the 20 amino acids during translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide. |
| Coenzyme (cofactor) | Organic molecule, such as a vitamin, that binds to an enzyme and is required for catalytic activity. |
| Colony | Group of identical cells (clones) derived from a single progenitor cell. |
| Conjugation | The joining of two bacteria cells when genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another. |
| Cross-Hybridization | hydrogen bonding of a single-stranded DNA seq that is partially but not entirely complementary to a single-stranded substrate. |
| Crossing-over | The exchange of DNA sequences between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
| Cross-pollination | Fertilization of a plant from a plant with a differnt genetic makeup |
| Culture | Particular kind of org. growing in a laboratory medium |
| Dalton | Unit of measurement equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom (Avagadro's number) 1.67x10E-24 gram/L |
| Death Phase | Final growth phase, during which nutrients have been depleted and cell number decreases. |
| Denature | TO induce structural alterations that disrupt the biological activity of a mol. Often refers to breaking hydrogen bonds btw base pairs in ds nucleic acid mols |
| Density gradient certrifugation | High-speed centrifugation in which mols "float" at a point where their density equals that in a grasient of cesium chloride or sucrose. |
| Dideoxynucleotide (didN) | deoxynucleotide lacking a 3' hydroxyl group - used in DNA sequencing and treatment of viral diseases. |
| Digest | to cut DNA molecules with one or more restriction endonucleases |
| Diploid cell | Cell containing 2 copies of each chromosome |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | An organic acid and polymer composed of 4 nitrogenous bases; linked via intervening units of phosphate and the pentose sugar deoxyribose. Genetic material of most organisms. |
| DNA sequencing | Procedures for determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment. |
| Dominant gene | gene whose phenotype is present in a single copy |
| Dominant (acting) oncogene | Gene that stimulates cell proliferation and contributes to oncogenesis when present in a single copy. |
| Dominant | Allele is said to be dominant if it is expressed in phenotype in the presence of a recessive allele |
| Double-helix | Desc the coiling of the antiparallel strands of the DNA molecule. |
| DS Complimentary DNA (dscDNA) | duplex DNA mol copied from a cDNA template. |
| Ecology | study of the interactions of org with their environment and with each other. |
| Ecosystem | Organisms in a plant pop and the biotic and abiotic factors which impact them. |
| Electrophoresis | Technique of separating charged molecules in a matrix to which is applied in an electrical field. |
| Electroporation | Method for transforming DNA in which high voltage pulses of electricity are used to open pores in cell membranes, through which foreign DNA can pass. |
| Endophyte | An organism that lives inside another |
| Enzymes | Proteins that control the various steps of all chemical reactions |
| Eukaryote | Org. possessing a nucleus and other membrane-bound vessicles - protist, fungi, plant and animal kingdoms |
| Evolution | long-term process through which a population of org accumulates genetic changes that enable its members to successfully adapt to env cond and to be exploit food resources. |
| Flanking region | The DNA sequences extendingon either side of a specific locus or gene. |
| Fungus | microogranism that lacks chlorophyll |
| Gene insertion | The addition of one or more copies of a normal gene into a defective chromosome. |
| Gene | A locus on a chromosome that encodes for a specific protein or several related proteins. It is considered the functional unit of heredity. |
| Genetic engineering | The manipulation of an organism's genetic endowment by introducing or eliminating specific genes through modern molecular biology technologies. |
| Genetic marker | A gene or group of genes used to "mark" or track the action of microbes. |
| Genotype | structure of DNA that determines the expression of a trait. |
| Genus | A category incl closely related species. Interbreeding between organisms within the same catagory can occur. |
| Growth factor | A serum protein that stimulates cell division when it binds to its cell-surface receptor. |
| Haploid cell | A cell containing only one set, or half the usual (diploid) number of chromosomes. |
| Hemophilia | An X-linked recessive genetic disease, caused by a mutation in the gene for clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (hemophilia B), which leads to abnormal blood clotting. |
| Homologous chromosomes | Chromosomes that have the same linear arrangement of genes--a pair of matching chromossomes in a diploid organism. |
| Homologous recombination | Exchange of DNA fragments between two DNA molecules or chromatids of paired chromosomes (during cross over)at the site of identical nucleotide sequences. |
| Host | An organism that contains another organism. |
| Hydrogen Bond | A relatively weak bond formed between a Hydrogen atom (covalently bound to a N or O2 atom) and a N and O2 with an unshared e- pair. |
| Hydrolysis | A reaction in which a molecule of water is added at the site of cleavage of a molecule to two products. |
| In situ | Refers to performing assays or manipulations with intact tissues. |
| In vivo | Refers to biological processes that take place within a living org or cell. |
| Incomplete dominance | A condition where a heterozygous off-spring has a phenotype that is distinctly different from, and intermediate to, the parental phenotypes. |
| Insulin | A peptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood. |
| Interferon | A family of small proteins that stimulate viral resistance in cells. |
| Lysis | The destruction of the cell membrane |
| Malignant | Having the properties of cancerous growth. |
| Meiosis | The reduction division process by which haploid gametes and spores are formed, consisting of a single duplication of the genetic material followed by two mitotic divisions. |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | class of RNA mol's that copies the genetic info from DNA, in the nucleus, and carries it to the ribosomes, in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein. |
| Metabolism | The biochemical processes that sustain a living cell or organism. |
| Mitosis | The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes. |
| Molecular biology | The study of the biochemical and molecular interactions within living cells. |
| Mutagen | Any agent or process that can cause mutations. |
| Mutation | An alteration in DNA structure or sequence of a gene. |
| Natural selection | Differential survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic characteristics that enable them to better utilize environmental resources. |
| Nucleic acids | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are made up of long chains of molecules called nucleotides. |
| Nucleotide | A building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. Together, the nucleotides form codons, which when strung together form genes, which in turn link to form chromosomes. |
| OSHA | One of the US agencies responsible for regulation of biotechnology. The major law under which the agency has regulatory powers is the Occupational Health and Safety Act. |
| Organelle | A cell structure that carries out a specialized function in the life of a cell. |
| Ovum | female gamete |
| Parasitism | The closest association of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is harmful to at least one. |
| Pathogen | Organism which can cause disease in another organism. |
| Persistence | Ability of an org. to remain in a particular setting for a period of time after it is introduced. |
| Phenotype | Observable characteristics of an organism, the expression of a gene alleles (genotype) as an observable physical or biochemical trait. |
| Phospholipid | A class of lipid mols in which a phosphate group is linked to a glycerol and two fatty acyl groups. A chief component of biological membranes. |
| Plaque | a clear spot on a lawn of bacteria or cultured cells where cells have lysed by viral infection. |
| Polymer | A molecule composed of repeated subunits. |
| Polypeptide (protein) | Polymer composed of multiple amino acid units linked by peptide bonds. |
| Polysaccharide | A polymer composed of multiple units of monosaccharides (simple sugar). |
| Primary cell | A cell or cell line taken directly from a living organism, which is not immortalized. |
| Prokaryote | Bacterial cell lacking a true nucleus; its DNA is usually in one long strand. |
| Protease | An enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds that link amino acids in protein molecules. An enzyme that adds phosphate groups to a protein mol at serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues. |
| Protein | A polymer of amino acids linked via peptide bonds and which may be composed of two or more polypeptide chains. |
| Recessive gene | Characterized as having a phenotype expressed only when both copies of the gene are mutated or missing. |
| Recombinant DNA | process of cutting and recombining DNA fragments from different sources as means to isolate genes or to alter their structure and funtion. |
| Recombinant | A cell that results from recombination of genes |
| Retrovirus | member of a class of RNA viruses that uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to reverse copy its genome into a DNA intermediate, which integrates into the hostcell chromosome. Many nat occurring cancers of vertebrate animals are caused by retroviruses. |
| Reverse genetics | Using linkage analysis and polymorphic markers to isolate a disease gene in the absense of a known metabolic defect, then using the DNA seq of the cloned gene to predict the aa sequence of its encoded protein. |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | The RNA component of the ribosome |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | Organic acid c/o repeating nucleotide units of a, g, c, and uracil, whose ribose components are linked by phosphodiester bonds |
| Sexual reproduction | process where two cells (gametes) fuse to form one hybrid, fertilized cell. |
| Subunit vaccine | Vaccine c/o a purified antigenic determinant that is separated from the virulent organism. |
| Synapsis | Pairing of homologous chromosome pairs during prophase of the first meiotic division, when crossing over occurs. |
| Taq polymerase | A heat-stable DNA polymerase isolated from the bacterium. Therrnus aquaticus, used in PCR. |
| Telomere | end of a chromosome |
| Transcription | The process of creating a complementary RNA copy of DNA. |
| Vaccine | Preparation of dead or weakend pathogen, or of derived antigenic determinants, that is used to induce info of antibodies or immunity against the pathogen. |
| Vector | an autonomously replicating DNA mol into which foreign DNA fragments are inserted and then propagated in a host cell. Also living carriers of genetic material from plants to plant, i.e. insects. |
| Virulence | The degree of ability of an organism to cause disease. |
| Virus | Infectious particle composed of a protein capsule and a nucleic acid core, which is dependent on a host org for replication A ds DNA copy of an RNA virus genome that is integrated into the host chrom during lysogenic infection. |
| Wild type | An organism as found in nature; the org before it is genetically engineered. |
| X-linked disease | a genetic disease caused by a mutation on the X chromosome. In such recessive conditions- a normal female "carrier" passes on mutated X chrom to an affected son. |
| Abrasion | injury to the integrity of the skin resulting in skin loss |
| Abrupt | describes a sudden change that occurs without warning |
| Abscess | pus forming pocket |
| Abstain | the deliberate effort to refrain from an action |
| Acapnia | low level of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the blood |
| Accept | to willingly receive something; the process of granting approval |
| Access | the freedom to use something as one chooses; the permission or ability to enter or approach a specific area |
| Accountable | responsible for actions or explanations |
| Acne | Inflammation of the skin related to glands and hair |
| Adenoiditis | Inflammation of the adenoids |
| Adhere | the process of binding one thing to another using glue, tape, or another agent; refers to the action of maintaining loyalty or support |
| Adverse | in a contrary fashion; can cause harm; may also refer to something that is in opposition to one's interests |
| Alopecia | baldness |
| Amenorrhea | Lacking menstrual discharge |
| Annual | duration of a single year; an occurrence that takes place once each year |
| Anorchism | Absence of testes |
| Anoxia | oxygen (O2) deficiency |
| Anterior | frontal position |
| Anteroposterior | frontal to back positioning |
| Anuria | No urine production |
| Aphonia | no voice |
| Apnea | not breathing |
| Apply | to put something to use; having a relevant or valid connection to something else |
| Atelectasis | Abnormal expansion of the lung |
| Audible | capable of being heard |
| Azoturia | Elevated or excessive level of nitrogen substrates and urea in urine |
| Endogenous | the growth from a deep tissue; refers to cond's that arise from factors that are internal to an organism |
| Endoscopy | inspection of a body cavity - visually |
| Enuresis | Uncontrollable urination |
| Epidermal | related to the skin |
| Epididymitis | Inflammation of the epididymis |
| Epididymis | one of a pair of long, tightly coiled ducts that carry sperm from the seminiferous tubules of the testes to the vas deferens |
| Epithelial | Related to epethelium tissue |
| Epithelioma | skin cell tumor |
| Erythema | redness in appearance |
| Erythrocyte | red blood cell |
| Erythrocytosis | elevated rbc count |
| Erythroderma | redness of the skin |
| Eupnea | normal breathing |
| Exacerbate | to cause something to become more intense in nature; esp an increase in violence or severity |
| Excess | surpassing usual limitations; unnecessary indulgence |
| Exogenous | the growth from superficial or shallow tissue; refers to conditions caused by factors external to an organism |
| Exposure | being subject to a condition or influence; making a secret fact known publicly |
| External | being outside the human body; existing outside the confines of a specific space or institution |
| Fibroma | tumor made of fibrous cells |
| Fibrosarcoma | Malignant tumor made of fibrous cells |
| Fissure | crack in skin's integrity; cleft or groove on the surface of an organ; lineal fault on a bony surface that occurs during development of a part |
| Flaccid | the state of not being firm; lacking vigor, force or youthful firmness |
| Flush | to chase from a place of concealment; forcing one substance out of a space by introducing another |
| Gaping | something wide open or exposed |
| Hepatosalpinx | fallopian tube with blood present |
| Hidradenitis | inflammation of sweat glands |
| HIV | retrovirus causing AIDS |
| Hydration | taking up of elements with the aid of water; constant supply of fluids |
| Hydrosalpinz | water in the fallopian tube |
| Hygiene | the science of health-inducing practices |
| Hymenectomy | removal of the hypmen |
| Hyperplasia | elevated number of cells |
| Hypocapnia | decreased level of CO2 in the blood stream |
| Hypodermic | related to under the skin |
| Hypoplasia | decreased numbers of cells required for normal organ development |
| Hypoxemia | limited O2 in the bloodstream |
| Hysteropexy | fixation of the uterus |
| Iatrology | study of medicine |
| Indicence | arrival of something at a surface; something that occurs or affects something else |
| Induration | firm point or points, possibly in the periwound area |
| Inferior | below a point of origin |
| Inflamed | to incite an intensely emotional state; also refers to something that has be set on fire |
| Ingest | to take into the mouth for digestion |
| Insidious | something or someone who is enticing but dangerous; slow-developing dangerousness |
| Intact | remaining whole or untouched |
| Internal | inside the body or the mind |
| Invasive | tending to spread or infringe upon something |
| Karyocite | cellular unit with a nucleus |
| Keloid | scar tissue that has exhibited excess growth |
| Keratogenic | creation of horny like tissue appearance |
| Labile | unstable; constantly undergoing chemical or physical change or breakdown |
| Laceration | wound with irregular borders; jagged |
| Latent | not presently active but with the potential to become active |
| Lateral | opposite of medial; rel to the point of origin |
| Leiodermia | smooth skin |
| Leiomyoma | tumor made of smooth muscle cells |
| Leiomyosarcoma | malignant tumor made of smooth muscle cells |
| Lethargic | sluggish, indifferent, or apathetic |
| Leukocyte | white blood cell |
| Leukocytosis | elevated wbc's |
| Lipoid | fat-like substance |
| Lipoma | tumor composed of fat |
| Liposarcoma | malignant tumor made of fat cells |
| Lithotripsy | crushing of a stone |
| Lumbar | lower back region |
| Mammoplasty | repair of the breasts |
| Mammotome | devise used to cut breast tissue |
| Manifestation | act of becoming outwardly visible |
| Mastitis | inflammation of the breast tissue |
| Mastectomy | removal of breast |
| Mastoptosis | drooping of breast |
| Menarche | start of menstruation |
| Menometrorrhagia | flow of blood during menstruation, and between cycles |
| Melanocarcinoma | malignant black tumor |
| Melanoma | tumor of epithelial tissue |
| Metastasis | progression of a disease between organs |
| Metrorrhea | uterus discharge that is excessive |
| Micturate | voiding or urination |
| Myometritis | inflammation of the uterine tissue |
| Myopathy | muscular disease |
| Necrosis | cellular death; often resulting in black, dead tissue |
| Neopathy | new-sprung disease |
| Nephrectomy | removal of a kidney |
| Nephrogram | x-ray of the kidney |
| Nephrolysis | kidney separation |
| Nephropexy | fixation of the kidney |
| Nephroma | kidney tumor |
| Nephromegaly | kidney enlargement |
| Nephroptosis | sagging kidney |
| Nephrostomy | creating an opening of the kidney |
| Neuroma | tumor involving nerves |
| Nocturia | urination at night |
| Nutrient | something that provides nourishment |
| Bilateral | present on two sides |
| cast | hard protective device applied to protect a broken bone while the bone heals |
| Compensatory | offsetting or making up for something |
| Complication | an undesired problem due to the result of another event |
| Concave | rounded invard |
| Consistency | Degree of viscosity; how thick or thin a fluid is |
| Constrict | to draw together to shrink |
| Contingent | dependent |
| Contour | Shape or outline of a shape |
| Contraindication | Reason why something is not advisable or should not be done |
| Defecate | expel feces |
| Deficit | a deficiency or lack |
| Depress | press downward |
| Diameter | distance across the center of an object |
| Dilate | enlarge or expand |
| Distended | enlarge or expanded from pressure |
| Inflamed | reddened, swollen, warm, and often tender |
| Manifestation | An indication or sign of a condition |
| Nutrient | a substance or ingredient that provides nourishment |
| Oral | Given through or affecting the mouth |
| Overt | Obvious, easily observed |
| Parameter | A characteristic or constant factor |
| Paroxysmal | Beginning suddenly or abruptly |
| Patent | Open |
| Potent | Producing a strong effect |
| Precaution | preventative measure |
| Precipitous | Rapidly uncontrolled |
| Predispose | to make more susceptible or more likely to occur |
| Preexisting | Already present |
| prognosis | anticipated or expected course or outcome |
| rationale | underlying reason |
| Untoward | adverse or negative |
| Void | excrete urine |
| Volume | amt of space occupied by a fluid |
| Abdominopelvic | cavity composed of the abdomen and the pelvis |
| Absorption | Mvmt of nutrients from the digestive tract to the bloodstream |
| Actin | Protein making up the I band of the sacromere |
| Amino acid | building block of proteins |
| Antibody | special proteins that protect the body from foreign substances |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate, energy |
| Atria | Upper chambers of the heart |
| Bile | Produced in the liver to emulsify fat in the stomach |
| Cartilage | tissue made of cells and fibers that connect and support |
| ceruminous gland | gland of the ear that produces ear wax |
| Chromosomes | Bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins called histomes |
| Cilia | Small hairlike projections on some cells |
| CNS | central nervous system: brain and spinal cord |
| Coronal Plane | Imaginary line passing through the body fro the head to feet that divides the body anteriorly and posteriorly |
| Cranial cavity | body cavity containing the brain |
| Diaphragm | Dome-shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| Diffusion | mvmt of materials from high concentration to lower concentration |
| Dorsal Horn | Cresent-shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord |
| ECG | electrocardiogram, a record of the electrical activity of the heart |
| Embryo | Prenatal development time between zygote and fetus |
| Endometrium | inner lining of the uterus |
| Enzymes | functional proteins; usu end in "ase" |
| Foramen Magnum | A passage in the skull bone through which the spinal cord enters the spinal column |
| Glucose | a simple sugar found in certain foods, produced by plants |
| Homeostasis | The physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained within the body |
| Hypothalamus | Portion of the brain that regulates body temp, sleep, and appetite |
| Joints | articulations between adjoining bones |
| Keratin | a tough, fibrous, insoluble protein forming the primary component of hair, skin, nails,and tooth enamel |
| Keratinized Epithelium | dead cells of the epidermis |
| Lacteal vessel | found within villi of intestinal wall, where fat nutrients are absorbed |
| Adjective | a descriptive word that modifies a noun or pronoun |
| Adverb | a word that modifies a verb, adj, or another adverb and indicates when, how, where, why, or how much |
| Article | a word that is used to limit a noun, either indefinite (a or an) or definite (the) |
| Clause | a group of words that are related and contain both a subject and verb |
| Direct object | the noun or pronoun that recieves the action of the verb and answers the question whom or what |
| Noun | a word for a person, place or thing |
| Object of the preposition | the noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause to which the prep refers |
| Phrase | a group of words that are related but do not contain a verb and a subject together |
| Possessive pronoun | a pronoun used to indicate ownership |
| Preposition | a word such as by, at, to, or from that gives additional info, usu in relationship to something else in the sentence |
| Pronoun | a word that replaces and refers to a noun |
| subject | a noun or pronoun that performs the action of a verb. If a sentence contains a verb or being or a linking verb such as be, feel, become, or look--the subject of the sentence is the noun or pronoun being described |
| Verb | a word that shows an action or a state of being |
| antecedent | the noun that a pronoun refers to e.g. Mom went to the store before I could remind her to buy milk. Mom is the antecedent |
| Coordinating conjunctions | words that join two or more words, phrases, or clauses so that each conjoined element is equal E.g. for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) |
| Subordinating conjunction | a word that joins two or more clauses and makes the clause that contains it dependent on another clause; making the clause that cont the sub conj of less importance E.g. because, though, although, as, as if, when, and while |
| Nominalization | the making of a noun from a verb, adverb, or adj |
| Active verbs | verbs that show an action performed by the subject |
| Predicate | the part of the sentence that tells what the subject does or what is done to the subject. It includes the verb and all the words that modify the verb. |
| Predicate Adjective | an adj that follows a linking verb and helps to explain the subject. E.g. My professors are wonderful. |
| Predicate Nominative | Noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and helps to explain the subject E.g. Professors are teachers. |
| Ligaments | tissue connecting bone to bone |
| Median Plane | imaginary line dividing the body or body part into right and left portions |
| Mediastinum | Space within the thoracic cavity that houses all the organs of the chest except the lungs |
| metabolism | the sum total uses of ATP in the body |
| Myosin | A protein that makes up nearly half of the proteins in muscle cells |
| orbits | Cavities containing the eyes |
| Organelle | A structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specific fx |
| pH | Measurement associated with acids and bases pH=-log(Ah) based on the activity (Ah) of hydrogen ions dissolved in a solution |
| Phagocytosis | Engulfing of materials by wbc's in the body |
| Plasma | the liquid portion of the blood |
| Pulmonary Circulation | Blood flow through a network of vessels between the heart and the lungs for the oxygenation of blood and the removal of carbon dioxide |
| Ribosome | Organelle of the cell where protein synthesis takes place |
| Sagittal | An imaginary line running from front to back that divides the body into right and left portions |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores Calcium |
| Sebaceous glands | Oil glands of the skin |
| Spinal Column | backbone that houses and protects the spinal cord |
| subcutaneous tissue | Layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissue |
| Sudoriferous Glands | sweat glands |
| synovial membranes | Loose, connective tissue that llines the joint cavity |
| systemic circulation | The general blood circulation of the body, not including the lungs |
| Thoracic Cavity | chest cavity |
| Transverse Plane | Imaginary line dividing the body or body parts into top and bottom portions |
| vasoconstriction | a narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel |
| Vasodilation | widening of the diameter of a blood vessel |
| ventral horns | The anterior columns of the gray matter of the spinal cord |
| ventricles | lower chambers of the heart |
| zygote | fertilized egg, from the time it is fertilized to implantation |
| Average speed | the distance an object travels divided by the time the object travels |
| Velocity | speed in a specific direction |
| Acceleration | the change in velocity over a period of time |
| Rate of Gravity | 9.8 m/sec2 |
| Newton's First law of Motion | a body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion, unless acted on by an unbalance force F=ka |
| Newton's Second Law of Motion | the constant of proportionality (k) is equal to the mass of the object F=ma |
| Newton's Third Law of Motion | For every action there must be an equal and oppisite reaction. |
| Friction | opposes motion and is expressed in Newtons |
| Crest | High point of a wave |
| Trough | Low point of a wave |
| amplitude | Maximum displacement from equilibrium |
| Wavelength | Distance between successive identical parts of a wave |
| Frequency | Vibrations or oscillations per unit of time. Expressed in vibrations per second and measured in hertz (s-1) |
| concave | positive focal lengths form a variety of image shapes, sizes and orientation depending on the focal length of the mirror where the obj is place. |
| convex mirror | negative focal lengths smaller and upright |
| Scientific Argument | 1. Problem identification 2. Question asked 3. Hypothesis developed 4. Data collection & experimentation 5. analysis 6. conclusion |
| Diapedesis | the process of wbc's squeezing through the cappilary slits in response to cytokines, occurs, followwed by cellular adhesion molecules (CAM's) guiding the wbc's to the site of injury or infection |
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JaeLaw23
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