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Bio 203 blood
blood system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| percent of RBCs defined as (in lab) | hematocrit |
| plasma is 92% water plus . . . | proteins, solutes in this component of spun blood |
| plasma proteins gen made by | liver makes these |
| albumin is transporter pro and has this role also | osmotic pressure - part of bp contributed to by (this protein) and its attraction for water |
| if liver doesn't make plasma proteins, less osmotic pressure --> | water moves from bv into tissue (edema) |
| however we get to low protein state this symptom occurs | ascites (edema in abd cavity) is associated with dec. plasma pro bwo starvation, liver failure |
| globulins also transport things like | these proteins transport hormones, lipids, lipoproteins(LDL/HDL, immune fx (gamma globulins AKA antibodies) |
| fibrinogen helps with | coagulation, made by liver |
| plasma also contains nutrients Pro, CHO, LIP | nutrients carried by plasma |
| creatine, amonium and urea/uric acid also found in | plasma as waste products |
| formed elements contain | RBCs, some WBCs and platelets. Lab test is CBC to determine #/types of cells |
| If we want to know type of WBCs from CBC then need to order this lab | CBC with differential |
| WBCs = neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils nmeonic | never let monkeys eat bananas |
| neutrophils are phagocytic | yes |
| lymphocytes | increased in infection, make antibodies or are helpers or are able to attack infected cells |
| monoctyes | macrophages when in tissue space, eat dead, dying or infected cells. Usually see in chronic infections. |
| eosinophils | 2-4% of WBC are phagocytes that eat antigen/antibody complexes (as in allergies, autoimmune), parasites |
| basophil | a little bit of histamine (inflammatory chemical) --> bv vasodilation and inc permeability of capillaries |
| Hgb is a protein in RBC made by | bone marrow |
| bone marrow makes these cells | RBC, WBC and platelets (bwo megakaryocte) |
| pluripotent cells are undifferentiated stem cells in bone marrow can --> RBC, WBC or platelet depending on hormone or factors stimulate it. For RBC it is . . ..for platelets it is . . . | *erythropoeitin(from kidneys, some liver). Thrombopoeitin stimulates for platelet production (made in liver) |
| If you have liver failure, can't make thrombopoeitin-->platelets --> this type of disease | clotting disorders |
| Interleukins are stimulating factors for | WBC cell stimulation/proliferation |
| diseases of bone marrow interfere with homeostasis, --> | *can't make RBC, hypoxia *can't make WBC, infectons |
| aplastic anemia | when bone marrow shuts down |
| leukemia | cancer of WBC lines(can be of any). mutation of pluripotent cell--> massive production of one in line (leukocyte, neutrophil, etc). Overproduction of cancer cell, underproduction of everything else |
| treatment of leukemia | chemotherapy and/or radiation to kill cancer cells, then bone marrow transplant. gen require protective isolation. |
| if decreased RBC and/or decreased Hgb and/or decreased Hct --> | anemia which results in hypoxia |
| anemia results in | hypoxia or decreased 02 carrying capacity of blood |
| if hypoxia then this hormone will stimulated bone marrow to increase RBCs | EPO (difficult to do if kidney diseased) |
| heme is made of | Fe and bilirubin(porphyrin ring) |
| bilirubin is byproduct of RBC degregation, which binds to albumin to liver then transported by transferrin to | liver, major storage, then to bile and/or |
| if pt presents with jaundice, this indicates | liver failure and/or hemolytic anemia (yellow pigment of bilirubin breakdown) |
| bilirubin (unconjugated) is destructive to this type of tissue | neural tissue affected by this byproduct of RBC degredation |
| Bilirubin --> liver for conjugation, then --> intestine (urobilinogen, makes feces brown) --> | urobiinogen to blood stream --> kidneys --> urobilinogen (sign of too much bilirubin conjugated indicates disease like hemolytic anemia |
| Hgb A1C measures what | this test measures glycosylation of the protein (how much sugar is on the Hgb) |
| hemostasis defn and process | stopping bleeding bwo spasm, platelet plug, coagulation (12 coagulation factors, no #6 so it looks like 13) |
| coagulation cascade factors arrive at site of hemostasis to form stable fibin clot | process of step 2 hemostasis |
| anticoagulants to break up clots in vessels | TPA, streptokinase, ASA, |
| Extrinsic cascade if vessel damaged from outside | Intrinsic pathway used if vessel damaged from inside (arteriosclerotic clot--> hydrostatic shearing of epithelial lining vessel) |
| hemophilia classification based upon what coagulation factor they are missing | how hemophilacs are treated . . .give them missing coagulation factor (synthetic) |
| ASA helps prevent | platelet plug formation |
| Heparin inhibits formation of . . . | thrombin and Vit K useage |
| coumadin interferes with | Vit K dependent factors (factors II, VII, IX and X) |
| coumadin -extrinsic - PT, INR as to | heparin, intrinsic pathway - APTT (thrombin) |
| what type of patient needs anticoagulation tx? | *pulmonary embolism (piece of thrombus that breaks off) *post op *mechanical heart valve (titanium is sticky for platelets) *atrial fibrillation - cuz blood that's not flowing quickly is likely to clot |
| ASA effects | platelets with respect to clotting cascade |
| TPA = (used to inhibit thrombin) | tissue plasminogen activator, used for lysing clot when no longer needed (fibrinolysis pathway) |
| Blood Type A has surface Ag A | Type B has Ag B on it |
| Type AB has both A and B antigens | Type 0 has no antigens |
| Type A has these antibodies | Anti-B antibodies |
| Type B has these antibodies | Anti-A antibodies |
| Type AB has these types of antibodies | no antibodies |
| Type O has these antibodies | Anti-A and Anti-B |
| Rh antigen = D antibody therefore if Rh+ | no Anti-D antibody |
| Rh- can make antibody against D in the case of | 'sensitization' or exposure such as Rh+ transfusion OR Rh- mom exposed by Rh+ fetus during birth or late term abortion/miscarriage |
| Give Rhogam to prevent Ab production in | Rh- mom |
| If mom is Rh-, give her Rhogam in what pregnancy? | all pregnancies |
| Do we give Rhogam to Rh+ mom? | nope |
| transfusion reaction: Recipient is A+, donor is Type B+ | recipient has antibody to donated cell --> hemolysis (which is the transfusion reaction) --> globin etc clogs capillaries -->glomerular fxn decreases -> kidney failure --> dialysis or death may occur |
| universal donor type | O- (no antigens whatsoever, no transfusion reaction possible) |
| Universal recipient type | AB+ (has all possible antigens, so doesn't make ANY anti-antibodies to ANY antigen) |
Created by:
lorrelaws
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