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behav sci
First Aid- Behavioral Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Case control study | observational and retrospective; compares group with ds to group w/o. Identifies risk factor, "what happened?" Uses Odds Ratio |
| Cohort study | observational and prospective: compares group exposed to risk factor to group w/o exposure, "what will happen?" Uses Relative Risk |
| Cross sectional study | observational: collects data at a particular point in time "what is happening?" uses disease prevalence |
| Clinical trial: Phase 1 | is it safe? asseses toxicity and pharmockinetics |
| Clinical trial: Phase 2 | Does it work? (efficacy) assesses optimal dosing, efficacy and adverse effects |
| Clinical trial: Phase 3 | Does it work better? compares new tx to current standard of care |
| Clinical trial: Phase 4 | Detects long term or rare adverse affects |
| Sensitivity | Probability that a person with ds will test + SNOUT= rules in, =TP/TP+FN =1-FN rate |
| Specificity | Probability that a person w/o ds will test - SPIN= r/o =TN/TN+FP =1-FP rate |
| Positive Predictive Value (PPV) | proportion of postive test results that are TP =TP/TP+FP |
| Negative Predictive Value (NPV) | proportion of negative test results that are true negative. =TN/FN+TN |
| Prevalence | ~= to incidence x disease duration |
| Incidence | = # of new cases |
| Odds ratio | For case control studies: odds of having disease in exposed group divided by odds of having ds in unexposed gropu. = ad/bc |
| Relative risk | for cohort studies RR= (a/(a+b)) / (c/ (c+d)) |
| Attributable risk | Difference in risk between exposed and unexposed. = ( a/(a+b)) - (c/(c+d)) |
| Absolute Risk reduction | same as attributable risk, except replacing risk by reduction of risk due to exposure to drug. (same eq. as attributable risk) |
| NNT- Number needed to treat | 1/absolute risk reduction |
| NNH- number needed to harm | 1/ attributable risk |
| Precision | consistency and reproducability of a test |
| accuracy | trueness of the test measurements |
| Selection bias | non random assignment to study group, may include loss to follow- up includes berkson bias |
| Berkson's bias | Using only hospital records as data |
| recall bias | knowledge of presence of d/o alters recall by subjects |
| sampling bias | subjects are not representative relative to general population; therefore results are not geralizable |
| late-look bias | information gathered at an inappropriate time- eg. using a survey to study a fatal disease ( only those patients still alive will be able to answer the survey) |
| Procedure bias | subjects in different groups are not treated the same. e.g., more attention is paid to treatment group, stimulating greater compliance |
| confounding bias | occurs with 2 closely associated factors; the effect of 1 factor distorts or confuses the effects of another. |
| Lead-time bias | early detection confused with increased survival; seen with improved screening (natural history of ds is not changed, but earl detection makes it seem as tho survival increased) |
| pygmalian effect | occurs when a researchers belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment |
| hawthorne effect | occurs when the group being studied changes its behavior oweing to the knowledge of being studied. |
| effect modification | is present when the effect of teh main exposure on teh outcome is modified by the presence of another variable. eg: effect of new estrogen receptor agonist on the incidence of DVT is modified by smoking status) |
| Normal Gaussian statistical distribution | mean=median= mode |
| bimodal statistical distribution | 2 humps (2 modal peaks) |
| positive skew | mean > median > mode asymmetry with tail on the right |
| negative skew | mean < median < mode asymmetry with tail on the left |
| Null hypothesis (H0) | Usually opposes your hypothesis hypothesis of no difference (eg there is no association b/w the disease and the risk factor in the population). |
| alternative hypothesis (H1) | hypothesis that there is some difference (eg there is some association b/w the ds and the risk factor in population) |
| Type 1 error (alpha) | study shows something that is not reality states there is an effect when none exists. p= probability of making a type I error. False positive error |
| p < .05 | p= probability of making type 1 error, should be less than .05 |
| Type II error (beta) | stating that there IS NOT an effect or difference when one does exist. False negative error |
| Power (1-beta) | study shows something that's there or doesn't show what's not there |
| Percentage of population in 1 SD (standard deviation) | 68% |
| Percentage of population in 2 SD | 95.5% |
| percentage of population in 3 SD | 99.7% |
| Confidence Interval | range of values in which a specified probability of the means of repeated samples would be expected to fall. |
| Confidence Interval equation | CI= range from (mean-Z(SEM) to (mean + Z (SEM) |
| Z in different Confidence intervals | 95% CI, Z= 1.96 90% CI, Z= 1.645 99% CI, Z= 2.57 |
| t-test | checks the difference between the means of 2 groups |
| ANOVA | ANOVA checks difference bw 3 OR MORE groups |
| chi squared | test checks difference bw 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcome (not mean values) |
| correlation coefficient (r) | r is always between -1 and +1. the closer the absolute value of r is to 1, the stronger the correlation between the 2 variables |
| Coefficient of determination | r squared, value that is usually reported |
| disease prevention | primary- prevent disease occurrence secondary- early detection of ds tertiary- reduce disability from ds (eg chemo) |
| Reportable diseases (STD's) | (HIV)/AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea |
| Reportable diseases (Heps) | Hep A, B, and (C) |
| Reportable diseases (kids) | MMR: measles, mumps, rubella and chicken pox |
| Reportable diseases (diarrheals) | Salmonella, Shigella |
| Leading cause of death in infants | Congenital anomalies, SIDS, Respiratory distress syndrome |
| Leading cause of death ages 1-14 | injuries, cancer, congenital anomalies |
| Leading cause of death ages 15-24 | injuries, homicide, suicide |
| Leading cause of death ages 25-64 | cancer, heart attack, injuries |
| Leading cause of death ages 65+ | heart ds, cancer, stroke |
| Medicare | medicarE is for Elderly part A= inpatient care part B= outpatient care part C= combo of A and B pard D= prescription drug coverage |
| medicaid | MedicaiD is for the destitute is federal and statehealth assistance for people with very low income |
| APGAR score assess what? | assesses health of a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes old Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration |
| Low birth weight (defined as) | <2500g |
| Low birth weight complications | infections, respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis (due to feeding baby too fast), intraventricular hemorrhage, persistant fetal circulation |
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