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Oceanography Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four core disciplines of oceanography ? | Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Physics |
| Biology | Deals with living organisms |
| Chemistry | Composition, structure, and properties |
| Geology | History of earth and its rocks |
| Physics | matter and energy and their interactions |
| 4 most common oceans | Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic |
| Pacific Ocean - Average Depth, how many islands, | 3,940m , 25,000 islands , |
| Atlantic Ocean - What shaped design? Many or few islands? Average Depth? | S shaped design, Few islands, 3,844 m |
| Indian Ocean - Percent of Ocean Surface, Average depth, | 20% of ocean, 3840 m |
| Artic Ocean - Average Depth | 1117 m |
| Rank of 4 oceans in terms of largeness? | Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic |
| What percent of the earth is covered Ocean? | 70% |
| What percent of the ocean surface is the Pacific Ocean? | 50% |
| What are the 3 eras of scientific history? | Early Exploration Phase, Early Scientific, Modern Scientific |
| Three major explorers of the early history phase | Phoenicians, Vikings, Polynesians |
| Date - Early Exploration phase | Pre BC to 1200 A.D |
| Date - Early Scientific | 1800's |
| Date - Modern Scientific | 1930's - present |
| What was developed during the modern scientific era and what helped the developing process | submarines and satellites, WWI and WWII |
| What didn't the polynesians have? | A written language |
| What were polynesians credited to being the first to do | Making sailing vessels out of trees |
| How did the polynesians navigate | Using the stars |
| Years of the Vikings | 790 – 1100 AD |
| What were the Vikings the first to do? | Build ships |
| What kind of people were the Vikings? | Scandinavians |
| Where were the Vikings the first to land? | Newfoundland (Canada) |
| Who was the first explorer to go around the world (circumnavigation)? | Magellan |
| What are the 3 things you must have to navigate? | Means of propelling,Steering,Navigation aid (point of reference) |
| Which is latitude and which way is longitude | Longitude is up and down line,Latitude is east to west line |
| What is Greenville’s latitude? | 35 degrees 35 min 19.34 seconds |
| What is Greenville’s longitude? | 77 degrees 22 min 22.96 seconds |
| Name 5 scientists from the early scientific phase | James Cook, Charles Darwin, C. Whyville Thomson, Matthe Maury, Frederick |
| What land did James Cook discover and what two lands did he discover were seperate? | Discoverd hawaii, Asia and North America Seperate |
| What theory did Darwin come up with | Theory of Natural Selection |
| What today is similar to the big bang? | A balloon popping |
| What happened first during the big bang and what existed early on? | Mostly expansion outward, mostly radiation |
| What was the second thing to happen during the big bang | cooling |
| About 3 min into the big bang what formed | Subatomic particles |
| What was the 3rd thing to happen during the big bang? And what is it? | Aggregation - things start sticking together |
| What started sticking together during the first phase of aggregation? | atoms/nuclei |
| What formed due to continuing aggregation during the big bang? | elements |
| After aggregation what formed during the big bang? | Stars, galaxies, and planets |
| What is a galaxy? | Rotation aggregation of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity |
| How many stars are in our galaxy? | 500 billion |
| How many more galaxies are in the universe? | at least 100 billion |
| Rank galaxy, solar system, and universe in order from biggest to smallest? | Solar System, Galaxy, Universe |
| What is like spinning pizza dough? and why | The nebular hypothesis theory.Condensed matter flattened into a universe |
| What is chemical differentiation? | when molten things move according to density |
| What is physical differentiation? | Pressure and temperature determine whether the interior is solid or liquid |
| What is the inside of the earth like? and why | Dense and hot because of spinning |
| What makes up the inner core | solid iron and nickel |
| What makes up the outer core | liquid iron and nickel |
| What makes up the mantle | dense rock, iron and silica |
| How deep is the asthenosphere? | 100 to 250 km |
| What is special about the asthenosphere | partially molten and slow flowing |
| What is another name for the crust? | Lithosphere |
| What is the continental crust mainly made up of? | Granite |
| What is the density of the continental crust? | 2.7 |
| Is the continental crust light or dark? | Light Colored |
| What is the continental crust rich in? | Aluminum, silicon, and oxygen |
| What is the Oceanic Crust Mainly made up of | basalt |
| Is the oceanic crust light or dark | dark colored |
| What is the density of the oceanic crust | 2.9 |
| What kind of rock is in the continental crust | igneous rock |
| what kind of rock is the oceanic crust | volcanic rock |
| what is the oceanic crust rich with | silicon, oxygen, and magnesium |
| What is MOHO? | Boundary b/w rocks of crust and rocks of mantle |
| Who and when noticed that outlines of South America and Africa looked like they fit together? | Francis Bacon 1500's |
| In the 1800's what did Edward Suess say about the continents? | isostasy had allowed portions of the continents to sink and create oceans |
| What was the main problem with wegeners hypothesis of continental drift? | continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust so it cannot plow through oceanic crust |
| Describe how fossils are evidence of plate tectonics? | find plant and animal fossils that would match exactly to other fossils found on another continent |
| Give an example of climatic evidence of plate tectonics | dead coral reefs found in england |
| How does rock type and shape of continents support plate tectonics? | The continents look like pieces of a puzzle that fit together and if you were to put the puzzle together the mountain ranges on separate continents match up to each other |
| What are three pieces of evidence of plate tectonics discovered after WWI and WWII | Magnetic Bonds, Sea Floor Topography, Location of volcanoes and earthquakes |
| How does glacial scouring support Plate tectonics? | It is like a rake and leaves marks like a rake that match up when you put continents together |
| Why does the circumference of the earth never change? | New crust is being created but the old crust is being destroyed |
| What is altimetry? | Using Satellites to determine depth |
| What do all places with altimetry elevation have? | earthquakes and volcanoes |
| What is present at the ring of fire | a plate to plate boundary |
| What is seismic refraction? | examines how sound waves are bent as they travel through material (like sonar) |
| What does seismic refraction reveal? | Densities, depths, and thickness of rock layers |
| What is a divergent boundary | where new crust is being created and plates are coming apart |
| What is a transform fault boundary | Where plates are sliding past each other |
| What is a convergent boundary | where plates are colliding into each other |
| What happens to plates as they get old and cold | They become more dense |
| Continental Drift Hypothesis + Theory of Sea Floor Spreading = ? | Theory of Plate Tectonics |
| How many major lithospheric plates are there? | 7 |
| What is the largest major plate | Pacific Plate |
| On a map of Plate what do the "teeth" represent? | Convergent boundary |
| Three reasons why plates move? | Slab Pulldown, Ridge Push, Convection cells in mantle |
| What is slab pulldown due to? | Density |
| What is ridge push and what everyday activity does it resemble? | Magma squeezing out. like toothpaste coming out |
| What is Convection Cells in Mantle like? and why | Putting cream in coffee, heat rises |
| What are the two reasons for heat | Radiation, and residual heat from aggregation |
| How much do plates move a year | about 2 inches |
| How was hawaii formed? | Hotspot was created and when the crust moves the hotspot moves as well but the magma that created the hotspot is still in the same place, a new hotspot forms later to create a new Hawaiian island |
| Which is the oldest Hawaiian island? and which island is most active? | Oldest is to the left, the biggest island is the youngest and most active |
| What are the two devices used to sample sediment | Dredge and Coring Device |
| Name two coring devices | Box corer and piston corer |
| what do sediments give us? | A history of an ocean basin |
| what is lamination another word for | layers |
| What is a real world example of how sediments may be used to tell us things from the past | fires |
| Size Classification of sediment from big to smallest | boulder, gravel, sand, silt and clay |
| What makes mud | sand and silt |
| What are the 5 origin classifications of sediment | Terrigenous, biogenous, hydrogenous, volcanogenous, cosmogenous |
| What is terrigenous deal with | Land |
| What does biogenous deal with | living organisms reside in ocean |
| What does hydrogenous deal with | within water / from chemical reactions in water |
| what does volcangenous deal with | volcano |
| what does cosmogenous deal with | space |
| what does terrigenous come from | erosion of land carried by rivers and streams to oceans |
| where is terrigenous sediment found | close to continents |
| What maximized terriginous input | elevation, tectonic activity, rainfall |
| Why is it very hard to break down cosmogenous material | it originated from outer space and survived travel through earths atmosphere |
| what are two factors that control sedimentation | particle size and turbulence of the depositional environment |
| What is important in determining nature of sediments | rate of erosion |
| What does average grain size reflect | energy of the depositional environment |
| where do you find smaller sediments such as muds silts and clay? and why | middle of ocean because they move easier due to lightness |
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