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HumanDFS
chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Developmental Science | Field of study devoted to understanding consistency and change throughout the lifespan |
| theory | an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior |
| continuous | process of gradually augmenting the same type of skills that where there to begin with |
| discontinuous | process where new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times |
| stages | qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development |
| contexts | unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change |
| nature-nurture controversy | disagreement among theorists about whether genetic or environmental factors are more important influences on development |
| lifespan perspective | 4 assumptions 1) lifelong 2)multidimensional and multidirectional 3) highly plastic 4) affected by multiple interacting forces |
| age graded influences | events strongly related to age and fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last |
| history- graded influence | explains why people born around the same time are alike that are different from people born at different times |
| nonnormative- influences | irregular events |
| psychoanalytic perspective | people advance through series of stages where they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations |
| psychosexual theory | emphasizes how parents manage child's sexual and aggressive drives the first few years are curtail for personality development |
| psychosocial theory | Erikson emphasized in addition to meditating between id impulses and superego demands the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills at each stage |
| Behaviorism | directly observable events, stimuli and responses |
| social learning theory | emphasizes modeling also known as imitation or observable learning |
| Behavioral modification | procedures combining conditioning and modeling to limit unwanted behaviors |
| cognitive developmental theory | children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world |
| information processing | human mind might also be viewed as a symbol - manipulation system through which information flows |
| developmental cognitve neuroscience | brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns |
| ethology | concerned with the adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history |
| sensitive period | optimal time for certain capacities to emerge and where the individual is responsive to environmental influences |
| evolutionary developmental psychology | understands adaptive value of species wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as they change with age |
| socioculture theory | how value, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group is transmitted to next generation |
| Ecological systems theory | views the person as developing with in a complex system of relationships |
| microsystem | innermost level of environment consists of activities and interaction patterns in persons immediate surroundings |
| mesosystem | encompasses connections between microorganism |
| exosystem | social settings that don't contain developing person but affect experiences in immediate surroundings |
| macrosystem | temporal dimensions of Bronfenbernner life changes can be imposed externally or with in person |
| naturalistic observation | go into fields and record behavior of intrest |
| structured observations | investigator sets up lab situation that shows behavior of interest |
| clinical interview | researchers use flexible,conversational style to probe for the participants point of view |
| structured interviews | participant asked some set of questions in same way |
| clinical or case study method | groups wide range of info on one person including observations, interviews, and test scores |
| ethonography | method borrowed from the field of anthropology descriptive, qualitative technique directed towards understanding a culture or a distict social group through participant observation |
| correlation design | researchers gather info on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experiences |
| correlation coefficient | a number that describes how two measures or variables are associated with each other |
| experimental design | permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions |
| independent variable | one that the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable |
| dependent variable | the one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable |
| random assignment | participants to treatment conditions by using an unbiased procedure such as drawing numbers out of a hat or flipping a coin investigators increase the chances that participants characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups |
| longitudinal design | participants are studied repeatedly and changes are noted at they age |
| cohort effects | people born around the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions |
| cross-sectional design | groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time |
| sequential designs | investigators conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies at varying times |
Created by:
brookevaughan
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