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Biology Chapter 12

Final Review (part two)

QuestionAnswer
Types of RNA messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
mRNA carry copies of instructions to assemble amino acids into proteins.
rRNA make up ribosomes
tRNA transfers each amino acid to the ribosome specified by the coded messages
Transcription RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA.
RNA polymerase enzyme that transcription requires
What happens in transcription? RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. Rna polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides assembled into a strand of RNA.
Promoter Where RNA polymerase binds to DNA. They have specific base sequences so that the enzyme knows where to start and stop transcribing.
RNA editing large pieces are cut out of RNA before they are ready to work.
Intron piece cut out of RNA molecules
Exons expressed sequences that aren't cut out. They are spliced together after the introns are cut out.
U replaces ___ and binds to ___ T, A
Codon 3 letter "word" of mRNA that tells which amino acid to add to the polypeptide chain.
Translation the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain. The cell uses info from mRNA to produce proteins.
Steps of translation The transcribed mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Translation begins at AUG (start). Each tRNA molecule has a complementary codon. When the proper anticodon attaches, the amino acid it carries is added to the polypeptide. this continues until a stop codon.
Anticodon complementary codons to those on mRNA
Mutations changes in DNA sequence that affect genetic info.
Gene mutations changes in a signle gene. Include point mutations (substituting one for another) and frameshift mutations (one is taken out or added, affecting every amino acid in the polypeptide)
Chromosomal mutations change in structure of chromosome. Includes deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.
How are eukaryotic genes controlled? Individually and have regulatory sequences.
TATA box helps position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before where translation begins.
Operon group of genes that operate together.
Enhancer sequences regulate genes, lots of proteins can bind to them. The proteins can enhance translation by opening tightly packed chromatin, attracting RNA polymerase, or block access like repressors do.
Cell specialization also requires genetic specialization. Genes made for some cells don't need to be expressed in cells of other body parts.
Hox genes genes embryos have that control the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of the embryo. they control the basic body plan. Mutations in them can completely change organs.
Created by: numchuckskillz
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