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Earth Science
SOL Review
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Density | equals mass/volume |
| Volume for regular objects | is found by water displacement. |
| Warm (air, water, magma) | rises because it is less dense. |
| Cold (air, water, magma) | sinks |
| As pressure increases | so does density |
| Water is most dense | as a liquid |
| The same substance has the | same density |
| As mass increase | so does volume |
| Hypothesis | a prediction about a problem that can be tested. |
| Variable | a changeable factor in an experiement. |
| Constants are | factors that are the same |
| Any valid scientific theory | has passed tests designed to invalidate it. |
| The altitude of Polaris equals | your Latitude |
| Latitude | Lines go East-West, but measure North and South of the Equator. |
| Longitude | Lines go North-South but measure East and West of the Prime Meridian. |
| The closer the Countour Lines | the steeper the slope. |
| Contour lines from | Vs and point upstream of rivers and creeks. |
| The Earth consists of a | solid inner core (Fe & Ni) |
| The Earth consists of a | liquid inner core (Fe & Ni) |
| The Earth consists of a | plastic-like mantle (Si, O, Fe, Ni) |
| The Earth consists of a | a thin rock crust (Si & O) |
| The lithosphere | is the crust and upper mantle |
| Ocean Crust is | thinner, younger, and denser than continental crust. |
| Oceanic crust is made of | basaltic rock |
| Convection currents | move tectonic plates |
| Hot material | rises, cools, becomes more dense and sinks. |
| Convergent Boundaries | are colliding plates which cause folded or thrust faulted mountains, subduction zones (volcanoes and trenches) and reverse faults. |
| Divergent boundaries are | dividing plates and cause Sea-Floor Spreading, Mid-Ocean Ridges, Rift Valleys, and Volcanoes. Normal faults are produced from this movement. |
| Transform boundaries | slide past each other and strike slip faults and Earthquakes are produced. |
| Earthquakes | can result with any plate movement. |
| Hot Spots | are not related to plate movement. |
| A fault | is a break or crack in the Earth;s Crust where movement has occurred. |
| Appalachian Mountains | are folded mountains. |
| Volcanic activity | is associated with subduction, rifting, or sea floor spreading. |
| An Ocean Plate | will always sink under a continental plate because it is more dense. |
| Three seismic stations | are needed to find the epicenter of an Earthquake. |
| P waves travel | the fastest and reach the Seismic station first. |
| P waves travel | through solides and liquids. |
| P waves slow down | when and bend when they hit the liquid outer core. |
| S waves | do not travel through liquids. |
| Weathering | the process the rocks are broken down by water, air, and organisms. |
| Chemical Weathering | occurs in warm, humid climates. |
| Mechanical Weathering | occurs in cold climates - Ice Wedging. |
| Erosion | the process by which Earth materials are transported by moving water, ice or wind. Gravity causes all these to happen. |
| Streams and moving water | are the major agents of Erosion. |
| Deposition | is the dropping or settling of sediment. |
| High Erosion | equals high relief areas |
| High deposition | equals low relief areas |
| Large particles | settle out first. |
| Sediment size from largest to smallest | Breccia, Sand, silt, clay |
| As particle size increases | permeability (the ability to transport water) increases. |
| Soil Evolution starts | with the weathering of bedrock. |
| Organic material must | be present in order to have soil. |
| Soil profile consists of | three horizons - Top soil, (most evolved), less humus, leaching from top soil, and weathered rock |
| Karst Topography has | caves and sinkholes produced by acidic groundwater dissolving limestone. |
| Valley and Ridge Province is | famour for Karst topography |
| Ground water layers | from the surface down would include zone of aeration, water table, and zone of saturation. |
| Aquaifer | is a layer of rock that transports groundwater freely. |
| A sping | is an area where the water table reaches the land's surface. |
| Hydrologic cycle includes | the process of evaporation, condensation, and precipitatin, and runoff. |
| The Coastal Plain | is the flattest area underlain by all types of sediments produced by the erosion of the Appalachian mountains. |
| Fossils are | abundant in the Appalachian Mountains. |
| Piedmont is | underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks produced by ancient volcanoes. |
| Piedmont is seperated by | a fall line from the Coastal Plain. |
| Blue-Ridge | Oldest in State |
| Valley and Ridge is | the long parallel ridges composed of folded and faulted rocks that occurred during the collision of Africa and North America durint the Paleozoic. |
| Appalachian is | underlain by sedimentary rocks. |
| Coal resources are | found in the Appalachian Mountains. |
| A mineral | is found in nature, inorganic, solid, with a definite chemical composition and structure. |
| Mineral properties depend on | their atomic structure. |
| Ores are | useful and profitable. |
| Igneous rocks are | classified by composition and texture. |
| Igneous Rocks are produced by | the cooling of magma or lava. |
| Fast cooling | Extrusive - TExture includes small mineral grains, glassy, air holes present. (Pumice, Basalt, Obsidian) |
| Slow cooling | Equals Intrusive - Texture includes coarse or large mineral grains. (Granite) |
| Metamorphic formed by | heat and pressure. |
| Metamorphic include | foliated (banded) and non foliated. |
| Foliated rocks are | slate, schist, gneiss. |
| Non foliated include | marble and quartzite. |
| Limestone morphs | into marble. |
| Sandstone morphs | into quartzite. |
| Sedimentary rocks form | from rock fragments, organic material, or chemical precipitation. |
| Sedimentary are | found in flat layers or strata. Fossils are found in these layers. |
| Sedimentary subclasses | include clastic, organic, and chemical. |
| Limestore | is formed both chemically and organically. |
| Clastic rocks are | made of fragments - Conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. |
| Virginia resources include | limestone, coal, and gravel. |
| Renewable resources can | be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which they are used. Inclues vegetation, water, and soil. |
| Nonrenewable are | renewed very slowly or not at all. Includes coal, oil, and minerals. |
| The Earth's Water Supply is | renewable but also finite. |
| Fossil | is the remains, impressions, or other evidence of a former existenece of life preserved in rock. |
| Virginia's fossils are | mostly marine and are from all Era's in history. |
| Law of Superposition states that | the oldest rocks are found on the bottom of strata and the youngest on top of strata. |
| Law of Cross-cutting relationships states that | an igneous intrusion is younger than the layers it cuts across. |
| Fossils, Superposition, and Cross-cutting are used to | determine relative ages. |
| Relative ages are | placing events in sequence without assigning exact numerical ages. |
| Absolute time places | a numberical age to an event. |
| Radioactive decay or half-life is used to | determine the absolute age of rocks. |
| Uranium dating is used to | find the ages of the oldest rocks. |
| Carbon-14 is used to find | the ages of human artifacts. |
| The Earth is about | 4.6 billion years old. |
| High Tides | 2 per day |
| Low Tides | 2 per day |
| Tides are | caused by the gravitational pull of the Earth and the Moon. |
| Currents move from | cold to warm areas. |
| Upwelling brings | cold, nutrient rich water from the bottom of ocean to the surface. This is rich in biological activity. |
| Estuaries are | areas where salt water mixes with fresh water. Ex.: Chesapeak Bay |
| Sea Level | rises when ice caps melt. |
| Cyanobacteria was | responsible for the first oxygen on Earth. |
| Presently Blue Green Algae is | an important source of Oxygen. |
| The ocean is the largest | reservoir of heat at the Earth's surface. |
| The ocean drives | the weather of the Earth. |
| The Earth's atmosphere was | mostly CO2 and very little O2. |
| The Earth's atmosphere is | 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogen, and 1% trace gases. |
| Human activities such as burning fossil fuels has | increased CO2 levels. |
| High CO2 levels | produce the Greenhouse effect. |
| CFC's are decreasing | the ozone levels of the upper atmosphere. |
| Areas near the Equator | receive the most direct radiation. |
| Clouds form when | air is at or below its dew point and condensation nuclei are present. |
| Coriolis Effect causes | deflections of the atmosphere and oceans due to rotation of Earth. |
| A psychrometer measures | humidity in the air. |
| A barometer measures | air pressure. |
| Highs are | cool and dry. |
| Lows are | warm and wet. |
| Wind is due to | unequal cooling that causes air pressure differences. |
| Wind blows from | high to low. |
| Cold fronts move | quickly and produce rain at the Front. |
| Warm fronts move | slow and produce miles and miles of clouds. |
| The highest pressure is | found at Sea Level. |
| Low pressure moves | clock-wise and outward. |
| U.S. weather is dominated by | prevailing westerlies. |
| Weather moves | west to east. |
| Summer Solstice is | June 21 (longest day) |
| Winter Soistice is | December 21 (shortest day) |
| Solstice is when | the sun is at its most Northern or Southern Point. |
| Equinoxes is | when the sun is directly over the equator. |
| Spring Equinoxes | March 21st |
| Fall Equinoxes | September 22nd |
| The Earth is closer | to the sun in the winter. |
| The Earth rotates | West to East once in 24 hours. |
| The Earth revolves counter clock-wise | around the sun once in 365.25 |
| The Earth is | the third planet from the sun. |
| The moon has phases | because of relected sunlight and the angle at which we view it. |
| Foucault's pendulum and coriolis effect prove | the Earth rotates. |
| Parallax and Seasonal constellations | prove the Earth's revolution. |
| Two types of planets | Inner (rockey) and Outer (gaseous) |
| Comets are known as | dirty snowballs in space and originate in the Oort cloud. |
| Comet's coma is the result of | the sun's radiation. |
| Asteroids are | rocky or metallic iron objects with origins between Mars and Jupiter. |
| AU = | distance of Earth and Sun. We measure planet distances in AU's |
| Light Years is | the distance light travels in a year. We measure star and galaxy distances with Light years. |
| Appollo 11 | was the 1st manned landing on the moon. |
| Neil Armstrong | was the 1st man on the moon. |
| The Big-Bang | explains the origin of the Universe.The Universe began as a dense sphere that expanded and condensed into galaxies. |
| The Solar Nebula Theory | explains that the planets formed from the condensing of our sun or solar nebulae. |
| Our Sun's Life cycle is | Nebula, protostar, Yellow Main Sequence Star, Red Giant, White dwarf and black dwarf. |
| Black holes | are a death stage of stars. |
| We are located in | the Milky Way Galaxy which is a spiral galaxy. |
| The three types of Galaxies | are spiral, elliptical, and irregular. |
| The Hubble Space telescope | has improved our knowledge and understanding of the Universe. |
| Red Shifts indicate | the Universe is expanding outward. This is used to support the Big Bang Theory. |
| Coal Evolution | from softest to hardest - Peat, Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite. |
| Unconformities are | missing rock layers usually a result of erosion. |
Created by:
knunley
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