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Microbiology set 2
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True membrane-bound nucleus for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: no Archaea: no Eukarya: yes |
| DNA complexed with histones for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: no Archaea: some Eukarya: yes |
| Chromosomes for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: usually one circular chromosome Archaea: one circular chromosome Eukarya: more than one linear chromosome |
| plasmids for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: very common Archaea: very common Eukarya: rare |
| introns in genes for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: rare Archaea: rare Eukarya: yes |
| nucleolus for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: no Archaea: no Eukarya: yes |
| mitochondria for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria:no Archaea: no Eukarya: yes |
| chloroplasts for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: no Archaea: no Eukarya: yes |
| plasma membrane lipids for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: ester-linked phospholipids and hopanoids with some having sterols Archaea: glycerol diethers and diglycerol tetrathers Eukarya: ester-linked phospholipids and sterols |
| flagella for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: submicroscopic in size composed of one protein Archaea: submicroscopic in size composed of fiber made from multiple different flagellin proteins. Eukarya: microscopic in size, membrane bound, usually 20 microtubules in 9+2 patterns. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: no Archaea: no Eukarya: yes |
| golgi for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: no Archaea: no Eukarya: yes |
| peptidoglycan cell wall for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: yes Archaea: no Eukarya: no |
| ribosome size for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: 70s Archaea: 70s Eukarya: 80s and 70s |
| Cytoskeleton for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: rudimentary Archaea: rudimentary Eukarya: yes |
| Gas vesicles for bacteria, archaea and Eukarya | Bacteria: yes Archaea: yes Eukarya: no |
| what substances are used by a single-cell organism as fuel? | smaller cells, organic particles and large molecules that can not pass through the plasma membrane. |
| how do eukaryotes single-cell organism ingest thier food particles? | endocytosis |
| what is endocytosis? | plasma membrane surrounds and engulfs the food particle |
| what are the three different types of endocytosis and how are they chracterized? | depending on the size and nature of the material to be ingested the cell can use 1. phagocytosis 2. pinoctosis 3. receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| what is phagocytosis | when the material the cell takes in is particulate such as a bacterial cell or an organic fragment |
| what is pinocytosis? | when the material is liquid |
| what is receptor-mediated endocytosis? | some types of molecules such as low density lipoproteins (LDLs) are transported across the plasma membrane when bonded to specific receptors embedded in the plasma membrane. |
| where are the receptor molecules located on the cell? | are concentrated in an indent pit coated by the protein clathrin |
| when does receptor-mediated endocytosis happen? | when there is enough molecules that have bonded and accumulate in the coated pit. once that happens the pit deepens, seals and is incorporated into the cell as a coated vesicle. |
| what is exocytosis? | a process used by cells to ingest food particles that cannot pass through the plasma membrane. |
| how does endocytosis work? | plasma membrane surrounds and engulfs the food particles. |
| what are the basic types of endocytosis? | phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| how are the three types of endocytosis determined? | the size and nature of the material that is being ingested. |
| what is phagocytosis | if the material is a particulate or an organic fragment. |
| what is an example of a particulate? | a bacterial cell |
| what is pinocytosis? | when the material ingested is liquid |
| what is receptor-mediated endocytosis | molecules being ingested bind to specific receptors embedded in the plasma membrane. |
| what is an example of a receptor-mediated endocytosis | low density lipoproteins (LDLs) are transported across the membrane through receptor mediated endocytosis. |
| described the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis | the receptor molecules are concentrated in an indented "pit" by the protein clathrin. when enough molecules accumulate in the coated pit, the pit then deepens, seals and is incorporated into the cell as a coated vesicle. |
| what is exocytosis? | the reverse of endocytosis. the release of unneeded material within the cell from membrane-bound packages. |
| describe the process of exocytosis | membrane-bound packages that contain unneeded material migrate to the inner surface of the plasma membrane, fuse with the membrane and then release their contents to the outside of the cell. |
| what is the end product from all three processes of endocytosis? | a lysosome |
| what is a lysosome? | vacuole inside the cell that contains enzymes that digests things |
| what is autophagy? | "eating of itself" Tear down the old organelles to make new one. part of the cell maintenance. |
| are prokaryotes still able to do respiration without a mitochondria? | yes |
| are eukaryotes still able to do respiration without a mitochondria? | no |
| main function of a mitochondria? | . Breaks down sugar in the form of ATP |
| three components of the cytoskeleton/centrioles | microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules |
| what does filaments look like and an example? | beads on a string. example: actin |
| what does intermediate filaments look like | tubes that are wrapped around |
| what does microtubules look like? | coiled beaded pattern and hallow. very stable. |
| what is flagella made out of? | tubulin. which makes them part of the cytoskeleton. |
| what happens if you threw a membrane in water | it becomes a sphere because of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. |
| how do you prevent the membrane becoming a sphere? | you must have a cytoskeleton. |
| do prokaryotes have cilia? | no |
| what is cilia used for | motility in eukaryotes. |
| what is the arrangement pattern in eukaryotic flagella | 9 microtubules on the outside and 2 on the inside. |
| how do the flagella move | the move back and forward "spin" |
| how do cilia move | they move like a whip -sidways |
| what are vacuoles used for | they help keep the same osmotic pressure within the plant cell |
| what is an example of a microorganism with a cell wall. | algae |
| what do all eukaryotes have (9) ? | nucleus nucleolus RER SER golgi mitochondria vacuoles vesicles cytoskeleton |
| what do plant cells have | chloroplasts and central vacuoles |
| what do animal cells | lysosomes cilia centrioles |
| what do Prokaryotes have? | nucleoid region capsule fimbrae |
| what do prokarytoes share with eukaryotes | DNA ribosomes cell membrane cytoplasm |
| what do plant cells share with prokaryotes | cell wall thylakoids |
| what do animal cells share with prokaryotes | flagella |
Created by:
kort
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