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Microbiology Chap. 3
Microscopy and Cell Structure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Capsule | A distinct, thick gelatinous material that surrounds some microorganisms |
| Chemotaxis | Directed movement of an organism toward or away from a certain chemical in the environment. |
| Cytoplasmic Membrane | A phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that surrounds the cytoplasm and defines the boundary of the cell. |
| Endospore | A type of dormant cell that is extraordinarily resistant to damaging conditions including heat, desiccation, ultraviolet light, and toxic chemicals. |
| Flagellum | A structure that provides a mechanism for motility. |
| Gram-Negative Bacteria | Bacteria that have a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane; when Gram stained, these cells are pink. |
| Gram-Positive Bacteria | Bacteria that have a cell wall composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan; when Gram stained, these cells are purple. |
| Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | Molecule that makes up the outer layer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. |
| Periplasm | The gel-like material that fills the region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. |
| Pili | Cell surface structures that generally enable cells to adhere to certain surfaces; some types are involved in a mechanism of DNA transfer. |
| Plasmid | Extrachromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome. |
| Ribosome | Structure intimately involved in protein synthesis. |
| Transport Systems | Mechanisms used to transport nutrients and other small molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane. |
| Cell Theory | All life forms are made from one or more cells. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells. The cell is the smallest form of life. |
| Resolution | determines how much detail actually can be seen |
| Contrast | reflects the number of visible shades in a specimen |
| Phase-contrast microscope | amplifies the slight difference between the refractive index of cells and the surrounding medium, resulting in a darker appearance of the denser material. |
| Interference microscope | causes the specimen to appear as a three-dimensional image |
| Dark-Field microscope | objects stand out as bright objects against a dark background |
| Fluorescence microscope | used to observe cells or other materials that are either naturally fluorescent or have been stained or tagged with fluorescent dyes |
| Light microscopes | visible light passes through a series of lenses to produce a magnified image |
| Confocal scanning laser microscope | used to construct a three-dimensional image of a thick structure such as a community of microorganisms |
| Electron microscopes | electron beams are used in place of visible light to produce the magnified image |
| Transmission electron microscope (TEM) | used to observe fine details of cell structure, such as the number of layers that envelop a cell |
| Scanning electron microscope | used for observing surface details of cells |
| Atomic force microscope (AFM) | produces detailed images of surfaces, resolving power is much greater than that of an electron microscope |
| Shapes of Bacteria | Coccus (round), Rod (bacillus), Coccobacillus, Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete |
| Bacterial groupings | Diplococcus, Chain of cocci, Packet, Cluster |
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