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Bio. Lect1 quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Divisions of PNS? | Efferent and afferent. Efferent divided into somatic and automatic. Autonomic dived into parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| Efferent | Efferent is divided into Somatic (skeletal muscles) and Autonomic Nervous System (Smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle) |
| Afferent | Autonomic is divided into Parasympathetic and Sympathetic |
| Para and sympathetic | Parasympathetic Division: slows heart rate and increase digestion Sympathetic Division: raises heart rate and stimulates the liver to release glucose for a quick supply of energy |
| What kind of neurons do the ANS and SNS have? | SNS has a single neuron from CNS to effector ANS has a pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons |
| What do SNS and ans have for NTs? | SNS uses acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter ANS uses norepinephrine as a Neurotransmitter |
| What kinds of systems do SNS ans ans have? | SNS is an excitatory system ANS can be both excitatory or inhibitory |
| Short ang long!? Each SNS and ans? | Sympathetic - Pre-ganglionic neuron is short and post-ganglionic neuron is long Parasympathetic - pre is long and post is short |
| Where do nerves one from and fount in SNS and ans? | Sympathetic - nerves come from thoracic and lumbar portions of spinal cord Sympathetic nerves found all over the body Parasympathetic found in head and trunk only |
| Work together: the heart | The heart: sympathetic raise heart rate and lung's capacity to take in oxygen when we need extra energy to preform a certain task. When the task is over, parasympathetic slows everything down and returns it back to normal. |
| Work together: the digestive system | In the digestive system, its the opposite Sympathetic slows down the digestive system Parasympathetic speeds up digestion. |
| Sympathetic Division has redundant control? | Causeadrenal glands on top the kidneys to release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which cause the heart rate to increase,can prolong and effect.Hormones take a while to reach organs through the blood stream and also take a while for their effect wear off |
| Why is redundant control important? | The sympathetic division can quickly cause changes by direct stimulating the nerves and can prolong the effect by releasing hormones |
| What controls the brain? Example? | Begins in the brain. Example: when blood pressure gets too high, receptors in the arteries near the heart detect a change. they send a message tot eh medulla oblongata, which sends a signal to the parasympathetic nerves, which slow down the heart rate. |
| ANS of the PNS? Sensory Receptor? | The ANS sends signals from the sensory receptors of the body to the CNS Sensory Receptor: an organ which responds to a specific type of stimulus by triggering an AP on a sensory neuron. |
| 3 Ways to classify receptors based on location: (3) | Somatic (Skin, muscle, and tendons) Visceral (internal organs) Special (tastes, smell, vision, hearing) |
| Mechanoreceptors | Mechanoreceptors - respond to movement (vibrations in the ear from sound waves) |
| Thermoreceptors | Thermoreceptors - heat or cold (surface of skin) |
| Photoreceptors | Photoreceptors - light (retina of the eyes) |
| Chemoreceptors | Chemoreceptors - chemicals (taste and smell) |
| Nociceptors | Nociceptors - pain or excess stimulation |
| simple and complex - definitions | Simple = small and are distributed all over the body Complex = govern taste, smell, hearing, balance and vison |
| The somatic senses? 2 types? | Two Types: Cutaneous receptors (skin) and Proprioceptors (muscles and tendons) |
| CR: Hair Follicle receptors? | Hair Follicle receptors - allow us to sense when our hair is being moved |
| CR: Merkel's Disks? | Merkel's Disks - light touch receptors |
| CR: Meissner's Corpuscles | Meissner's Corpuscles - involved in 2 point discrimination |
| CR: Paciniam Corpuscles? | Paciniam Corpuscles - pressure sensors |
| CR: Ruffini's OrgansRuffini's Organs | Ruffini's Organs - pressure and stretching of the skin (respond to continuous touch or pressure) |
| When the effector muscle is the heart, which division of the autonomic nervous system would increase the heart rate? | Sympathetic - increases heart rate |
| When the effector organ is the intestines and stomach, which division of the ANS would increase their function? | PARASYMPATHETIC |
| Sense of smell; AKA? | Olfaction |
| Olfactory epithelieum and neurons (replaced?) | Olfactory epithelium (thin lining of tissue) house the smell receptors in the superior part of the nasal cavity Olfactory neurons are replaced every 2 months (these are the only neurons that can be replaced) |
| volatile substances | For us to smell something it must release airborne chemicals Volatile substances are substance that can evaporate into a vapor and become airborne We can only smell volatile substance |
| How do we smell? | mol. reach olfactory hairs;it must be partly water soluble to get past the mucous membranes; must be partly fat soluble to get through the cell membrane;AP is formed when the mol bind to the olfactory receptors;receptors send a message to the brain. |
| The sense of taste; AKA? Papillae? | AKA Gustatory Sense Anatomy of tongue: surface bumps are called Papillae, and most taste buds are associated with papillae |
| How we taste thigns? | a taste bud has an opening called a taste pore;Out of that hole, are gustatory hairs; near these hairs are afferent neurons that release a NT when stimulated;This NT stimulates an AP on an asso. afferent nerve;Saliva dissolves the foods to enter tastepor |
| ability to taste diff foods? | Our ability to discriminate btw diff foods depends on a combination of our four sensations of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, salt) |
| Location of taste buds? | all can respond;they must respond more vigorously to one over the other 3 There is a high concentration of bitter taste buds at the back of the tongue, sweet and salty are on the tip and sides, and sour is toward the back but on both sides of the tongue |
| taste and temp of taste buds? | Temp also affects how well we can taste something: the warmer the temp, the more tasty something is bc the neurons can more quickly and efficiently send AP to the brain |
| What is the sense of balance controlled by? | ears and brain |
| 3 parts of the ear? | external, middle, inner |
| external ear? Tympatic membrane? external auditory meatus? | External extends from outside the body to Tympanic membrane (ear drum) The outer c-shape of the ear is called the auricle The External Auditory Meatus is a canal that leads from the outside to the ear drum |
| Middle ear? | The middle ear is filled with air and contains the auditory ossicles, which are 3 small bones - the malleus, incus, and stapes |
| Innner ear; cochlea? | The inner ear is fluid filled, and is divided into 3 sections: Vestibule, Semicircular canals, and the cochlea The cochlea is made up of a set of spiraling tubes |
| 2 types od equilibrium? | Static and dynamic |
| Static equilibrium? where? | Static Equilibrium - the orientation of the head relative to the pull of gravity (helps determine if the head is being held up straight, or leaned the to the side); Occurs in the vestibule of the inner ear;parallel and perp to skull |
| otoliths? part of what equilibrium? | static; When otoliths (stone) which are floating in a gelatinous matrix move, they cause hairs to move which cause an AP to form on the sensory neuron |
| Dynamic equilibrium? Where? | Dynamic Equilibrium - determines acceleration and rotation of the head Found in the semicircular canals in the inner ear, which are all 3 laid out in a different plane |
| Cupula. part of which equilibrium? | dynamic; There is a float in this fluid called the cupula - when it is moved by the fluid, it stimulates hair cells, which create AP on the associated sensory neurons |
| How do we maintain balance? | The sense of dynamic equilibrium responds to actual movements of the head, which cause AP to be sent to the medulla, which sends then to the cerebellum, which adjusts our muscles so we can maintain balance |
| Sense of hearing. AKA? sound waves have whwich 2 qualitites? Timbre? | AKA auditory sense Sound waves have 2 qualities: amplitude (determines loudness) and frequency (determines pitch) Timbre - how we distinguish one person's voice from another's is based on this characteristic of sound |
| How do we hear? malleus? | Sound waves are vibrations on the air that travel down the ex auditory meatus to the tym mem;it vibrates&the malleus (a small bone in the middle ear) to vibrate;causes the incus to vibrate,cause the stapes to vibrate,the fluid in the inner ear to vibrate. |
| palpebrae? | Palpebrae (eyelids) - protect the eyes and help spread tears around |
| lacrimal glands? | Lacrimal glands - produce tears that contain antibodies and lysozyme which are antibacterial |
| sclera and cornea of eye? | Outermost covering is made of sclera (white outer layer that maintains shape of the eye and provides a point of attachment for the muscles that move the eye) and Cornea (cover the rest of the eye that the sclera doesn't and is where light enters) |
| cornea? | The cornea is transparent and helps focus objects by refracting and bending the light before it reaches the lens |
| conjunctiva? | The Conjunctiva is a thing transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior portion of the sclera (pink eye is an inflammation of this membrane) |
| 2nd layer of the eye? | vascular tunic - contains most of the blood vessels;contains ciliary muscles that help focus the eye and the iris - the colored part of the eye. The Iris surrounds the pupil and controls how much light enters the eye by varying the size of the pupil. |
| 3rd layer of the eye? | 3rd layer - nervous tunic - composed of the retina, which houses the rods and cones |
| The optic nerve; optic disk? | One spot on the retina, the Optic Disk, contains no photoreceptors and is called the blind spot of the eye, and is the point where blood vessels enter the eye and neurons, in the retina exit the eye and join the optic nerve, which goes to the brain. |
| sense of sight? roads and cones? | Light hits photoreceptor cell (Cones (require more light than rods and enhance images) and rods (more sensitive to light and do most the work in low-light conditions)) |
| Rods and Cones jobs? | Rods and cones synapse with bipolar neurons, which synapse with ganglion cells that pass over the surface of the retina and converge on the optic disk, becoming part of the optic nerve, which send messages up to the brain |
| Diagram of cutaneous receptors tongue and anatomy diagram diagram of ear anatomy |
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Ktfic
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