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Anatomy-Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The heart is located in the | thoracic cavity between the lungs |
| The thoracic cavity between the lungs is called the | mediastinum |
| The heart is enclosed in the | pericardial membranes |
| The outermost layer of the pericardial membranes is the | fibrous pericardium |
| Lining the fibrous pericardium is the | parietal pericardium |
| On the surface of the heart muscle is the | visceral pericardium |
| The visceral pericardium is often called the | epicardium |
| Between the parietal and visceral pericardial membranes is | serous fluid |
| Myocardium | Cardiac muscle |
| The chambers of the heart are lined with | endocardium |
| The important physical characteristic of the endocardium is not its thinnes, but rather its | smoothness |
| The upper chambers of the heart are the | right and left atria |
| Interatrial septum | the common wall of the myocardium |
| The lower chambers of the heart are the | right and left ventricles |
| The right and left atria have _______ walls | thin |
| The right and left ventricles have ______ walls | thick |
| The ventricles are separated by teh | interventricular septum |
| The atria receive blood from the | body or lungs |
| The ventricles pump blood to either the | lungs or body |
| Caval veins | return blood from the body to the right atrium |
| The superior vena cava carried blood from the | upper body |
| The inferior vena cava carries blood from the | lower body |
| From the right atrium, blood will flow through the _______ _____________ _____ into the right ventricle | right atrioventricular (AV) valve |
| The left atrium receives blood from the lungs by the way of four | pulmonary veins |
| Blood flows into the left ventricle through the | left atrioventricular (AV) valve |
| The left atrioventricular (AV) valve is also called the | mitral valve or bicuspid valve |
| Another function of the atria is the production of a hormone involved in | blood pressure maintenance |
| When the walls of the atria are stretched by increased blood volume or blood pressure, the cells produce | atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| Atrial natriuetic peptide is also called | atrial natriuertic hormone (ANH) |
| ANP decreases | the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys |
| At the junction of a large pulmonary artery and the right ventricle is the | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Papillary muscles | columns of myocardium projecting into the lower part of the right ventricle |
| Chordae tendineae | Strands of fibrous connective tissue that extend from the papillary muscles to the flaps o the tricuspid valve |
| The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the | aorta |
| The aorta is the ________ artery of the body | largest |
| At the junction of the aorta and the left ventricle | aortic semilunar valve |
| The right side of the heart receives _________ blood from the body | deoxygenated |
| The left side of the heart receives _________ blood from the lungs | oxygenated |
| Ischemic | deprived of its blood supply |
| Infarct | an area of necrotic (dead) tissue |
| Myocardial inarction is commonly called a | heart attack |
| Systole | contraction |
| Diastole | relaxation |
| Heart murmur | An extra sound during a heart beat, caused by the valves not closing properly |
| The natural pacemaker of the heart is the | SA node |
| From the SA node, impulses for contraction travel to the | atrioventricular (AV) node |
| Atrioventricular bundle | The pathway for the electrical impulses to travels from the atria to the ventricles |
| The atroventricular bundle is also called the | bundle of His |
| Bundle branches | branches that come off of the atrioventricular bundle |
| From the bundle branches, electrical impulses travel along | Purkinje fibers |
| Arrhythmias are | irregular heartbeats |
| ventricular fibrillation | a very rapid and uncoordinated ventricular beat that is totally ineffective for pumping blood |
| A normal resting heart rate for an adult is | 60 to 80 beats per minute |
| Bradycardia | A resting heart rate of less than 60 bpm (except for athletes) |
| Tachycardia | a prolonged or consistent rate greater than 100 bpm |
| A child's normal heart rate may be as high as | 100 bpm |
| An infant's normal heart rate may be as high as | 120 bpm |
| A near-term fetus' normal heart rate may be as high as | 140 bpm |
| Stroke volume | The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle per beat |
| Cardiac output= | stroke volume x pulse (heart rate) |
| Starling's Law of the heart states | that the more the cardiac muscle biers are stretched, the more forcefully they contract. |
| The _______ of the brain contains the cardiac center | medulla |
| The two cardiac centers of the brain are the | accelerator center and the inhibitory center |
| Pressoreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic sinus detect | changes in blood pressure. |
| Chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and aortic body detect | changes in oxygen content of the blood |
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akikoandpoog
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