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Biology Quiz guide

QuestionAnswer
Frederick Griffith (1928) discovered transformation when working to prepare a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Transformation is a change in a phenotype caused when bacterial cells take up foreign genetic material.
Conclusion to Griffiths Transformation Experiment genetic material is NOT a living entity & can be passed/changed (transformed) through living cells.
Oswald Avery (1944)demonstrated that DNA is the material responsible for transformation
What did Oswald Avery's experiment show? The material responsible for transformation was not affected by protein-destroying enzymes, but activity was stopped by DNA-destroying enzymes. (DNA not protein is the "stuff of life"/the true genetic material)
Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase (1952) scientists that proved DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information on living cells.
James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) Discovered the structure of DNA. Determined that DNA is a molecule that is a double-helix (means twisted)
Rosalind Franklin & Photo 51 Took a picture of DNA by x-ray diffraction that led Watson & Crick to realize their original 3-stranded model couldn't be correct...She never received. credit for her work in her life-time
3 parts of nucleotides -Phosphate group -5 carbon sugar -Nitrogen containing base
What is the backbone of DNA composed of? Sugars and phosphates
4 bases of DNA Adenine: A Guanine: G Thymine: T Cytosine:C
Purines Consist of two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms: A = T
Pyrimidines Consist of a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. G = C
What is DNA replication and when in the cell cycle does this occur? DNA replication is the process of making a copy of DNA. This occurs during the Synthesis (s) phase of the cell cycle. *The new replication has one original strand and one new strand.
DNA Helicase Enzymes which break the hydrogen bonds between bases, unwind the double-helix.
Replication Fork The area where the double-helix separates.
What does DNA Polymerase do at the fork?? Add nucleotides to the exposed bases.
What happens once the DNA has been copied? The DNA Polymerase detaches.
Semi-Conservative Two DNA molecules, each composed of a new and an original strand, are produced.
gene expression The entire process by which proteins are made based on the information encoded in DNA.
What does the production of proteins involve? Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) molecules
RNA -Consists of a single strand of nucleotides - contains the five carbon sugar ribose -Uracil (U) bases replace Thymine (T) bases
Transcription The process of transferring instructions for making a protein from a gene to RNA.
mRNA -A form of RNA that carries instructions for making a protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of translation, the ribosomes within the cytoplasm. -Every 3 nucleotides = a codon on mRNA -Corresponds to amino acids or signifies a start signal
Translation The process by which RNA is read and amino acids put together to make proteins.
Where does translation occur? in the cytoplasm
tRNA Molecules carry a specific amino acid on one end that corresponds to a particular mRNA codon.
anti-codon a 3-nucleotide sequence that is complementary to an mRNA codon)
rRNA molecules are RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes.
Point Mutations Mutations that change one or just a few nucleotides in a gene on a chromosome.
Substitution When a nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide
Frame-shift Mutation The reading frame is adjusted due to mutation
Insertion When a nucleotide is added to the DNA
Deletion When a nucleotide is removed from the DNA
What can having a point mutation result in? can result in a protein not being made at all or a protein with a different amino acid so that the protein does not function.
Created by: TrippyGodel
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