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Bio117 CH25

Freeman Chapter 25 Vocab

QuestionAnswer
balancing selection A pattern of natural selection in which no single allele is favored in all populations of a species at all times. Instead, there is a balance among alleles in terms of fitness and frequency.
beneficial In genetics, referring to any mutation, allele, or trait that increases an individual's fitness.
deleterious In genetics, referring to any mutation or allele that reduces an individual's fitness.
directional selection A pattern of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype with the result that the average phenotype of a population changes in one direction. Generally reduces overall genetic variation in a population.
disruptive selection A pattern of natural selection that favors extreme phenotypes at both ends of the range of phenotypic variation. Maintains overall genetic variation in a population. Compare with stabilizing selection.
founder effect A change in allele frequencies that often occurs when a new population is established from a small group of individuals (founder event) due to sampling error (i.e., the small group is not a representative sample of the source population).
frequency-dependent selection A pattern of selection in which certain alleles are favored only when they are rare; a form of balancing selection.
gene flow The movement of alleles between populations; occurs when individuals leave one population, join another, and breed.
gene pool All of the alleles of all of the genes in a certain population.
genetic bottleneck A reduction in allelic diversity resulting from a sudden reduction in the size of a large population (population bottleneck) due to a random event.
genetic drift Any change in allele frequencies due to random events. Causes allele frequencies to drift up and down randomly over time, and eventually can lead to the fixation or loss of alleles.
genetic variation (1) The number and relative frequency of alleles present in a particular population. (2) The proportion of phenotypic variation in a trait that is due to genetic rather than environmental influences in a certain population in a certain environment.
Hardy-Weinberg principle A principle of population genetics stating that genotype frequencies in a large population do not change from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary processes (e.g., mutation, migration, genetic drift, random mating, and selection).
heterozygote advantage A pattern of natural selection that favors heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes. Tends to maintain genetic variation in a population. Also called heterozygote superiority.
inbreeding Mating between closely related individuals. Increases homozygosity of a population and often leads to a decline in the average fitness (inbreeding depression).
inbreeding depression In inbred offspring, fitness declines due to deleterious recessive alleles that are homozygous.
mutation Any change in the hereditary material of an organism (DNA in most organisms, RNA in some viruses).
purifying selection Selection that lowers the frequency or even eliminates deleterious alleles.
sampling error The accidental selection of a nonrepresentative sample from some larger population, due to chance.
sexual dimorphism Any trait that differs between males and females.
sexual selection A pattern of natural selection that favors individuals with traits that increase their ability to obtain mates. Acts more strongly on males than females.
stabilizing selection A pattern of natural selection that favors phenotypes near the middle of the range of phenotypic variation. Reduces overall genetic variation in a population. Compare with disruptive selection.
territory An area that is actively defended by an animal from others of its species.
Created by: Liwa91
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