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BIOL 212-Test One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Electron | a negatively charged particle found in orbitals around an atomic nucleus |
| Inorganic Chemistry | the study of the nature of atoms and molecules, with the exception of those that contain rings or chains of carbon |
| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Molar | a term used to describe a solution's molarity; a 1 molar solution contains 1 mole of a solute in a 1 L of water |
| Heat of Fusion | the amount of heat energy that must be withdrawn or released from a substance to cause it to change from the liquid to the solid state |
| Hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that utilizes water to break apart molecules |
| Dehydration Reaction | a type of condensation reaction in which a molecule of water is lost |
| Specific Heat | the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degrees Celsius |
| Strong Acid | an acid that completely ionizes in solution |
| Buffer | a compound that acts to minimize pH fluctuations in the fluids of living organisms. Buffer systems can raise or lower pH as needed. |
| Base | 1) a molecule that when dissolved in water lower the H+ concentration 2) a component of nucleotides that is a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms |
| Adhesion | the ability of two different substances to cling to each other; the ability of water to be attracted to, and thereby adhere to, a surface that is not electrically neutral |
| Acidic | a solution that has a pH below 7 |
| Hydroxide Ions | an anion with the formula, OH- |
| Covalent Bonds | a chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons |
| Orbitals | the region surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the probability is high of finding a particular electron |
| Energy | the ability to promote change or to do work |
| Atomic Number | the number of protons in an atom |
| Dalton (Da) | a measure of atomic mass. One Dalton equals one-twelfth the mass of a carbon atom |
| Molecules | two or more atoms that are connected by chemical bonds |
| Protons | a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons in an atom is called the atomic number and defines each type of element |
| Double Bond | a bond that occurs when the atoms of a molecule share two pairs of electrons |
| Polar Covalent Bonds | a covalent bond between two atoms that have different electronegativities; the shared electrons are closer to the atom of higher electronegativity than the atom of the lower electronegativity |
| Polar Molecules | a molecule containing significant numbers of polar bonds |
| Avogadro's Number | at first described by Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro, 1 mole of any element contains the same number of atoms - 6.022 x 10^23 |
| Radiosotopes | an isotope found in nature that is inherently unstable and usually does not exist for long periods of time. Such isotopes decay and emit energy in the form of radiation |
| Molecular Formula | a representation of a molecule that consists of the chemical symbols for all of the atoms present and subscripts that indicate how many of those atoms are present |
| Heat of Vaporization | the heat required to vaporize 1 mole of any substance at its boiling point under standard pressure |
| Weak Acid | an acid that only partially ionizes in solution |
| pH | the mathematical expression of a solution's hydrogen ion concentration. Defined as the negative logarithm to the base of 10 of the H+ concentration |
| Evaporation | the transformation of water from the liquid to the gaseous state at normal temperatures. Animals use evaporation as a means of losing excess body heat |
| Alkaline | a solution that has a pH above 7 |
| Acids | a molecule that releases hydrogen ions in solution |
| Colligative Properties | a property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of solute molecules |
| Condensation Reaction | a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules are combined into one larger molecule by covalent bonding, with the loss of a small molecule |
| Cohesion | the ability of like molecules to noncovalently bind to each other; the attraction of water molecules for each other |
| Surface Tension | a measure of how difficult it is to break the interface between a liquid and air |
| Molarity | the number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 L of water |
| Concentration | the amount of a solute dissolved in a unit of volume of solution |
| Amphipathic | molecules containing a hydrophobic (water-fearing) region and a hydrophilic (water-loving) region |
| Anions | an ion that has a net negative charge |
| Aqueous Solutions | a solution made with water |
| Solvent | the liquid in which a solute is dissolved |
| Chemical Equilibrium | a state in a chemical reaction in which the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants |
| Free Radical | a molecule containing an atom with a single, unpaired electron in its outer shell. A free radical is unstable and interacts with other molecules by remaining electrons form their atoms. |
| Reactants | a substance that participates in a chemical reaction and becomes changed by that reaction |
| Nonpolar Molecules | a molecule composed predominantly of nonpolar bonds |
| Enzymes | a protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction in a cell |
| Ion | an atom or molecule that gains or loses one or more electrons and acquires a net electric charge |
| Octet Rule | the phenomenon that some atoms are most stable when their outer shell is full with eight electrons |
| Electronegativity | a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons to its outer shell from another atom |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bonds | a strong bond formed between two atoms of similar electronegativities in which electrons are shared between the atoms |
| Mole | the amount of any substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms is exactly 12 g of carbon |
| Isotopes | an element that exists in multiple forms that differ in the number of neutrons they contain |
| Trace Elements | an element that is essential for normal function in living organisms but is required in extremely small quantities |
| Compound | a molecule composed of two or more different elements |
| Energy Shells | in an atom, an energy level of electrons occupied by one or more orbitals; each energy level is a characteristic distance from the nucleus, with outer shells having more energy than inner shells |
| Valence Electrons | an electron in the outer shell of an atom that is available to combine with other atoms. Such electrons allow atoms to form chemical bonds with each other |
| Atomic Mass | an atom's mass relative to the mass of other atoms. By convention, the most common form of carbon, which has six protons and six neutrons, is assigned an atomic mass of exactly 12. |
| Organic Chemistry | the study of carbon-containing molecules |
| Atoms | the smallest functional unit of matter that forms all chemical substances and cannot be further broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical or physical means |
| Element | a substance composed of specific types of atoms that cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical or physical means |
| Neutrons | a neutral particle found in the center of an atom |
| Atomic Nucleus | the center of an atom; contains protons and neutrons |
| Hydrogen Bond | a weak chemical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom of a polar molecule and a partially negative atom of another polar molecule |
| Van der Waals Forces | attractive forces between molecules in close proximity to each other, caused by the variations in the distribution of electron density around individual atoms |
| Ionic Bond | the bond that occurs when a cation binds to an atom |
| Chemical Reaction | the formation and breaking of chemical bonds, resulting in a change in the composition of substances |
| Cations | an ion that has a net positive charge |
| Solution | a liquid that contains one or more dissolved solutes |
| Solutes | a substance dissolved in a liquid |
| Products | the end result of a chemical reaction |
| Molecular Mass | the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule |
| Micelles | the sphere formed by long amphiphatic molecules when they are mixed with water. In animals, micelles aid in the absorption of poorly soluble products during digestion |
| Hydrophilic | refers to ions and molecules that contain polar covalent bonds and will dissolve in water |
| Hydrophobic |
Created by:
kmhyden
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