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U1L01 Tree of Life
AP Biology B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. | phylogeny |
| A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. | taxonomy |
| A taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species' two-part scientific name. | genus |
| In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above the level of family. | order |
| In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above class. | phylum |
| A named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification. | taxon |
| Proposed system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships: Only groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants are named. | PhyloCode |
| Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives. | sister taxa |
| In a phylogenetic tree, a branch point from which more than two descendant taxa emerge. A polytomy indicates that the evolutionary relationships between the descendant taxa are not yet clear. | polytomy |
| A similar (analogous) structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species. | homoplasy |
| An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent. | cladistics |
| Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade. | monophyletic |
| Pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors. | polyphyletic |
| An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade. | shared derived character |
| A species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we seek to determine. | ingroup |
| A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts. | maximum parsimony |
| An approach in which features shared by two groups of organisms are predicted (by parsimony) to be present in their common ancestor and all of its descendants. | phylogenetic bracketing |
| Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication. | paralogous genes |
| The hypothesis that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by natural selection. | neutral theory |
| The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms. | horizontal gene transfer |
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