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Microbiology Chap. 1
Humans and the Microbial World
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which scientists were involved in investigating the idea of spontaneous generation? | Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur |
| The work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn | was used to explain why others investigating spontaneous generation had obtained results that were opposite of those obtained by Pasteur. |
| The opposite results obtained by scientists apparently doing the same experiments in investigating spontaneous generation | shows the importance of repeating experiments, shows the importance of exactly duplicating experimental conditions, and led to further experiments that ultimately furthered knowledge. |
| Cellulose is a major component of plants and is only directly digested by | microorganisms |
| Microorganisms are involved in | causing disease, curing and treating disease, preparing food, and cleaning up pollutants |
| The Golden Age of Medical Microbiology | occurred during the late 1800's to early 1900's, is a time when the knowledge of and techniques to work with bacteria blossomed AND when people realized that diseases could be caused by invisible agents. |
| Newly emerging or re-emerging diseases | may be due to changing lifestyles, are exemplified by Lyme Disease and toxic shock syndrome AND may refect a breakdown in sanitation and social disorder. |
| Smallpox | aided European domination of New World Nations, has not occurred anywhere in the world since 1977, has potential as a weapon of bioterrorism, and has killed millions of people. |
| Smallpox | has been eliminated, AND was dealt with by vaccination. |
| Bacteria are present on the body | constantly |
| Bacteria are good models to use because they | share many biochemical/physiological properties with more complicated organisms. |
| Some Archea are commonly found in | boiling hot springs AND the Great Salt Lake. |
| The cell types which lack a membrane bound nucleus are found in the | prokaryotes AND archaea |
| Organisms | may be classified in three domains |
| The scientific name of an organism includes its | genus and species. |
| Outside a cell, viruses are | inactive |
| A new organism was found that was unicellular and 1 cm long. The "large" size of this organism alone would | means little. |
| Eukaryotic cells are | defined by the presence of a membrane bound nucleus. |
| Cytoplasmic membrane | It defines the boundaries of the cell, it is a semipermeable barrier, and it uses proteins as selective gates and sensors. It does NOT consist mainly of a fixed, static phospholipid bilayer. |
| Eukaryotic cells | are more obviously compartmentalized than prokaryotes. |
| Biodiversity | The variety of species inhabiting a particular environment. |
| Bioremediation | The degradation of environmental pollutants by living organisms. |
| Domain | The highest level in classification above the level of kingdom. All organisms can be assigned to one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya. |
| Emerging Diseases | Diseases that have increased in incidence in the past 20 years. |
| Eukaryote | Organisms composed of one or more eukaryotic cells; members of the domain Eucarya are eukaryotes. |
| Eukaryotic Cell | Cell type characterized by membrane-bound nucleus. |
| Normal Microbiota | The population of microorganisms that normally grow on the healthy human body or other specified environment. |
| Obligate Intracellular Parasite | An organism or other agent that can only multiply inside living cells. |
| Pathogen | An organism or virus able to cause disease. |
| Prokaryote | Single-celled organism consisting of a prokaryotic cell; members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes. |
| Prokaryotic Cell | Cell type characterized by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus. |
| Spontaneous Generation | Living organisms arising from non-living material. |
| Francesco Redi | explained the origin of worms on decaying meat, completely debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. He covered the meat with fine gauze to prevent flies from laying their eggs on the meat. |
| Redi, Pasteur, and Tyndall | performed experiments to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation |
| Experimental requirements that were necessary for Pasteur to disprove spontaneous generation | providing a nutrient source that would support microbial growth, providing air, preventing airborne microorganisms from entering the flask, and heating the flask to kill any microorganisms that were initially present in the broth. |
| Bioremediation | the process of using microbes to destroy dangerous chemicals and pollution in the environment. |
| Reasons for resurgence of old diseases | 1. International travelers incubating diseases in their bodies, 2. Children not being vaccinated, 3. Increasing proportion of elderly people who have weakened immune systems. |
| The three domains of life are: | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya |
| Bacteria | Are single-celled prokaryotes, are rod-shaped, round, or spiral shaped, have rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan, multiply by binary fission, and have flagella |
| Archaea | same shape, size and appearance as Bacteria, multiply by binary fission, move primarily by flagella, have rigid cell walls, have ability to grow in extreme environments |
| Eucarya | eukaryotic, consist of single and multi-cells, include:algae, fungi, protozoa/protists, and multicellular parasites |
| Vital activities of microorganisms | food production/probiotics, bioremediation, metabolize useful products for commercial use, genetic engineering, genomics |
| Nomenclature | first word in name is the genus and always capitalized, second is species name not capitilized, both words are underlined or italicized |
| Viruses, viroids, and prions are: | not living, acellular, and termed agents. |
| Viruses | consist of a piece of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, need to produce copies of themselves, can only multiply inside living hosts, and are obligate intracellular parasites. |
| Viroids | are simpler than viruses, consist of a short piece of RNA w/o a protective coat, can only reproduce inside cells, and cause a number of plant diseases. |
| Prions | consist of only protein w/o any nucleic acid, consist of an abnormal form of a cellular protein and are responsible for at least 7 neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals, always fatal. |
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