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Gen Path 1
Made Ridiculously Simple
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reversible cell injury | Cell swelling, fatty change, plasma membrane blebbing, mitochondrial swelling. |
| Irreversible cell injury | Necrosis, apoptosis. |
| Types of Necrosis | coagulation necrosis, liquefactive necrosis (brain), caseous necrosis (TB). |
| Adaptation to chronic injury or stimuli | atrophy, hypertrophy, dysplasia, squamous metaplasia, hyperplasia. |
| Primary intention | edges are surgically attached; may lead to wound contraction. |
| Secondary intention | wound edges are not attached; formation of granulation tissue. Takes longer to heal. |
| 24 hours post injury | scab (fibrin clot), mitotic epithelium, neutrophils |
| 48 hours post injury | macrophages, fibroblasts, budding new vessel. |
| 72 hours post injury | regenerating epithelium, new vessels. |
| 1 week post injury | repaired epithelium |
| 2 weeks post injury | dense, thick collagen fibers; diminishing vascularity and inflammation. |
| Mediators of fever | IL-1, prostaglandins |
| Mediators of vasodilation | nitric oxide, prostaglandins |
| Mediators of exudation | histamine, bradykinin |
| Mediators of chemotaxis | Complement C5a, IL-8 |
| Mediators of Phagocytosis (opsonization) | Complement C3b (opsonin) |
| Mediators of pain | prostaglandins, bradykinin |
| IL-1 | activated by macrophages (APCs); leads to activation of T lymphocytes (CD4). |
| IL-2 | activated by CD4 Th cells. Leads to activation of natural killer cells and B cells. MUTATION in IL-2 is the cause of severe combined immune deficiency. |
| INF-y | activated by CD4 Th cells. leads to activation of macrophages. |
| IL-2, 4, and 5 | activated by T cells; leads to growth and differentiation of lymphocytes. |
| IL-6 | activated by monocytes; leads to growth and differentiation of lymphocytes. |
| IL-8 | activated by monocytes; leads to chemotaxis and activation of neutrophils. |
| a-Interferon | produced by leukocytes; is an antiviral and induces MHC-1 expression. |
| B-interferon | produced by fibroblasts; is an antiviral and induces MHC-1 expression. |
| y-interferon | produced by T cells; activates macrophages and induces MHC-2 expression on macrophages. |
| TNF-a | produced by macrophages; acts like IL-1 (leading to fever). |
| PDGF | produced by platelets and endothelial cells; leads to proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. |
| complement | enzymatic proteins that form a cascade directed at cleavage of C3. common final pathway leads to formation of membrane attack complex (MAC). |
| Classical pathway | triggered by Ag-Ab complex. C1:C2 --> C2a+C2b. C4 --> C4a+C4b. C4bC2a (convertase) --> C3b (opsonin) --> C56789 (MAC) |
| Alternative Pathways | by contact w/microbial surfaces. Properdin + D:C3 --> C3a+C3b. B-->Ba+Bb ==> C3bBb (alternate convertase) --> C3 --> C3b (opsonin) --> C56789 (MAC). |
| C3a | Chemotactic; Anaphylotoxic |
| C5a | chemotactic; Anaphylotoxic. |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | anti-IgG (rheumatoid factor) |
| Systemic Lupus | anti-nuclear Abs (ANA) |
| Drug induced lupus | anti-histone |
| CREST | anti-centromere |
| Myasthenia gravis | anti-ACh receptor |
| Graves' Dz | Anti-TSH receptor |
| Hasimoto's thyroiditis | anti-microsomal |
| Wegener's Granulomatosis | Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm (ANCA) |
| Primary biliary cirrhosis | anti-mitochnodrial |
| Celiac Sprue | Anti-gliadein |
| Goodpasture's Syndrome | anti-glomerular basement membrane |
| amyloid | amorphous, eosinophilic extracellular substance. forms aggregates in B-pleated sheets. |
| Congo Red Stain | green birefringence underpolarizing microscope. this distinguishes amyloid from other hyaline deposits i.e. collagen and fibrin. |
| Amyloid light chains (AL) | multiple myeloma |
| Amyloid associated protein (AA) | chronic inflammation and aging |
| Beta amyloid (AB) | Alzheimer's Dz |
| Type 1 Hypersensitivity | IgE. Mast cells and basophils --> Histamine. Sxs: uritcaria, erythema, bronchioles constrict, laryngeal edema, shock, death. Ex: anaphylaxis, astham, hay fever, eczema. |
| Type 2 Hypersensitivity | IgG, IgM. Abs bind to cell surface and activate complement. Sxs: hemolysis. Ex: transfusion rxn, drug rxns, erythroblastosis fetalis, autoimmune dz. |
| Type 3 Hypersensitivity | IgM, IgG. Immune complexes get deposited and activate complement. Sxs: uricaria, lymphadenopahty, arthritis, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis. Ex: serum sickness, arthus rxn. |
| Type 4 Hypersensitivity | T cells (memory cells) activate macrophages and killer cells. Sxs: erythema w/induration. Ex: TB rxn, "delayed hypersensitivity". |
| c-myc oncogene | produces transcription factor. ==> Burkitt lymphoma |
| c-abl oncogene | produces tyrosine kinase ==> CML |
| bcl-2 oncogene | inhibits apoptosis ==> Non-hodgkins lymphoma. |
| ras oncogene | produces G protein ==> colon carcinoma. |
| RB1 tumor suppressor gene | retinoblastoma |
| BRCA-1 tumor suppressor gene | breast cancer; ovarian cancer |
| p53 tumor suppressor gene | breast carinoma, colon carcinoma, bronchial carcinomas. |
| tumor markers | used as follow-up after tx to detect metastases, but NOT for screening an asymptomatic population. |
| CEA | tumor marker for adenocarcinomas (colon, pancreas, lung). |
| alpha-fetoprotein | tumor marker for hepatoma, twin pregnancy, anencephalus. |
| PSA | tumor marker for prostate carcinoma; more sensitive than acid phsophatase |
| acid phosphatase | tumor marker for prostate cancer |
| alkaline phosphatase | tumor marker for metastases to bones, obstructive viliary dz, Paget's dz. |
| Autosomal Recessive Dzs | cystic fibrosis; phenylketonuria; albinism; a1-antitrypsin deficiency; thalassemias, sickle cell anemias; glycogen storage dzs; mucopolysaccharidoses; sphingolipidoses; polycystic kidney dz; hemochromatosis; chediak-higashi syndrome |
| Autosomal dominant Dzs | familial hypercholesterolemia; familial polyposis; spherocytosis; von willebrand dz; ehlers danlos syndrome; marfan syndrome; achondroplasia; phacomatoses; huntington's dz; polycystic kidney dz |
| x-linked recessive dzs | hemophilia A and B; glucose-6-phosphate deficiency; fragile x; fabry dz; lesch-nyhan syndrome; duchenne muscular dystrophy; becker muscular dystrophy; bruton's agammaglobulinemia; wiskott-aldrich syndrome; chronic granulomatous dz. |
| Turner Syndrome | 45, XO. broad "shield" chest and widely spaced nipples, webbed neck, short stature, immature genitalia w/lack of menstruation. aortic coarctation. "streak" ovaries. |
| Klinefelter syndrome | 47, XXY. lack of facial hair; high voice; gynecomastia; hypognonadism, lack of pubic hair, infertility; tall stature. |
| partial deletion of 5p | cri du chat syndrome (infant cries like a cat). |
| partial deletion of 11p | congenital absence of iris |
| partial deletion of 13q | retinoblastoma |
| Prade Willi Syndrome | 15q11-13 deletion (PATERNAL chromosome) --> severe infantile hypotony, obesity, mental retardation. |
| Angelman Syndrome | 15q11-13 deletion (MATERNAL chromosome) --> "happy puppet" syndrome, happy smile, wide based gait, epilepsy. |
| HLA-A3 | hemochromatosis |
| HLA-B27 | ankylosing spondylitis; Reiter's Syndrome; ulcerative colitis. |
| HLA-DR2 | multiple sclerosis; narcolepsy |
| HLA-DR3 | SLE; IDDM |
| HLA-DR4, Dw4, Dw14 | rheumatoid arthritis; juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. |
Created by:
celaschiac
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