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Bio- RAP2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| First law of thermodynamics | Energy can not be created or destroyed- the ammount of energy in the universe is always constant |
| Second law of thermodynaics | without the imput of energy, things tend to become less organized (ex:shed) |
| Potential energy | Stored energy (ball at the top of hill) |
| Kinetic energy | The energy of motion (ball rolling down hill) |
| Wasted energy | Released as heat during a conversion from potential to kinetic energy |
| Uphill reactions | use potential energy |
| Downhill reactions | release potential energy |
| Energy source used to create ATP | energy released from breaking down sugar molecules |
| Coupling | Linking that occours between products and reactants; one feeds another. (example: animals "feed" plants CO2) |
| ATP molecule energy | chemical energy |
| Enymes | macromolecules (usually proteins) that act as catalysts, speeding the process of chemical reactions. (Nearly all chemical reactions in living organisms are catalyed by enymes) |
| Producers | Organism that uses energy from an external source, such as sunlight, to produce its own food without having to eat other organisms or their remains |
| Consumers | An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms or their remains (herbivores, carnivores, decomposers) |
| Energy or "H" carriers | Molecules that can store energy and donate to other molecules or chemical reactions, most commonly ATP. (photosynthesis- NADPH) |
| Photosynthesis- function | Use solar energy to generate energy carriers (such as ATP) and release oxygen |
| Gases released and used | Photosynthesis- uses CO2, releases O2 Respiration- uses O2, releases CO2 |
| Photosynthesis- takes place | Takes place in all eukaryotes in organelles called chloroplasts |
| Light reactions | Take place in thylakoid membrane |
| Calvin cycle | Takes place in storma (fluid medium containing enymes, ions and molecules which synthesie sugars from carbon dioxide and water) |
| Aerobic respiration | Metobolic process or ogranism that requires oxygen gas (used by humans) |
| Anaerobic | Metobolic process or organism that does not require oxygen gas |
| Antherosclerosis | Stiffening of the arteries. Causes plaque to build up. |
| Diet guidelines- heart health | Limit consumption of saturated, unsaturated and trans fats. |
| LDL | take fats to tissue that need energy |
| HDL | take fats away from tissue and out of blood |
| Photolysis | Split light so wave lengths do not disturb molecule |
| Photosynthesis- required reactants | ATP, hydrogen |
| Role of pigments | absorb light energy which causes them to lose an electron (e-) Manifestation of light energy in a chemical way. ADP to ATP |
| O2 produced by plant cells | Diffuses to mitochondria for cellular respiration or out of plant cell for organism to breathe |
| APT- fats vs. carbs | Fats produce more ATP than carbohydrates |
| Metabolism | All chemical reactions in a cell that involve energy |
| Activation energy | Small ammount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occour at a noticable rate |
| Reactant | A substance that undergoes a chemical reaction |
| Substrate | The particular substrate on which an enzyme acts. Only the substrate will bind to the active site of the enzyme |
| Product | A substance that is formed by a chemical reaction |
| Active site | The specific region of the surface of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind |
| Phosphorylation | The addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule |
| NADP+ / NAD+ | Energy carrier molecules that act as reducing agent in reactions that produce ATP from the breakdown of sugars into water and carbon dioxide |
| Photosynthesis | Organisms capture energy from the sun to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water |
| Chloroplasts | Organelle in plants and algae that is the primary site of photosynthesis |
| Cellular resipration | Metobolic process that extracts chemical energy from organic molecules (sugars) to generate ATP, consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide and water. 3 phases: glycosis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation |
| Glycosis | First phase of cellular respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm. Main purpose: Breaks down sugars (mainly glucose) into 3 carbon compound (pyruvate) and releases energy carriers (ATP and NADH) |
| Krebs Cycle | Second phase of cellular respiration which takes place in mitochondrion. Pyruvate us completely oxidized through a sequence of enzyme driven reactions produces energy carries (particularly NADH) and releases CO2 |
| Oxidative phosphorlation | Final phase of cellular respiration. Chemical energy of NADH is converted to chemical energy of ATP. Membrane based process |
Created by:
aarstoe
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