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BI240
Basic def and cell stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Physiology | Study of function of cells, tissues and organs in human body. |
| Homeostasis | Maintenance of a constant internal environment. (flight or fight response) |
| Homeostasis; neg feedback | movement back towards homeostasis (most common feedback mechanism) |
| Homeostasis: positive feedback | movement away from homeostatic set point (temp, lactation, clotting) |
| Pathophysiology | Study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from the disease process. |
| Disease | condition of abnormal vital functions involving any structure, part of system of an organism |
| Disrupted struture leads to | disrupted function (disease) |
| Specific illness or disorder characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms, attributes of hereditary, infection of environment | What is disease |
| ribosomes function | protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | A system of membranous channels, tubes, and flattened sacs which form compartments with in the cytoplasm |
| Smooth ER function | Processes protein that is secreted from cell; manufacture of lipid and protein components of organelles. |
| Rouch ER function | Same as smooth er plus protein synthesis via attached ribosomes |
| channels, tubes and flattened sacs that form compartments within the cytoplasm | Endoplasmic Retiuculum |
| MFT lipids and protein components of organelles as well as processing proteins that are destined to be secreted from the cell | Smooth ER |
| Same as Smooth ER, plus protein synthesis via attached ribosomes | Rough ER |
| Golgi bodies | Recieves materials (protein, etc) from the ER, package and transports to organelles or plasma membrane |
| Manufacture component that recieves material, packages, and transports materials to organelles or plasma membrane | golgi bodies |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell; Extracts energy from CHO, and converts to energy |
| Extracts energy from CHO and ATP formation (energy) | Mitochondira (power house of cell) |
| Lysosomes & peroxisome | Membranous sacs |
| Lysosomes function | Waste removal center; degrades, recycles materials, removal of bacteria and worn cells |
| Waste removal center; degrades, recycles materials, removal of bacteria and worn cells. | Lysosomes function |
| Peroxisome function | Catalyzes reaction and removes hydrogen peroxide |
| Catalyze reaction and removes hydrogen peroxide | Peroxisome function |
| Centrosome | Location of centriols within the cytoplasm |
| Centrosome function | Seperate sister chromotids during mitosis by forming spindle fibers |
| Cytoskeleton function | internal framework of microfilaments and microtubules to which organelles and chromosomes are anchored. |
| Muscle cells function | Movement |
| Nerve cell fx | Conductivity of electrical currents |
| Kidney and intestinal cells fx | Helps with metabolic absorption |
| Goblet cells, adrenal gland, testis and ovary functions | Secretes mucus, hormones, |
| Adrenal glands secrete | aldosterone and cortisone; (mineralcorticosteroids and glucorticoids) |
| Excretions function of cells | waste products are released from cells and are deposited to the urine, or sweat. (loop of henle) |
| What is the function of respiration have on a cell? | Cells absorb oxygen inorder to transform into a nutrient to produce energy (ATP) |
| What function does communication have on a cell? | It is vital for maintenance of dynamic steady state (e.g. hormones) |
| glycolosis is regulated by what? | Cyclins, CDK's and inhibitors |
| Cyclins | are proteins that are key regulator of cell cycle |
| CDK | cyclin dependant kinase |
| What activates CDK? | cyclin |
| Cyclin triggers CDK to do what? | are complexes that trigger the cell cycle events |
| cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors | Cip/Kip and 7nk4/ARF |
| Cip/Kip & 7NK4/ARF do what | regulate cyclin-CDK complex activity |
| Uncontrolled cell proliferation and cell cycle | The hallmark of cancer |
| Tumor cells and cell cycle? | Damage to genes that regulate their cell cycles. |
| cytokinesis | Cell division |
| Growth factors are also called what? | Cytokines |
| Growth Factor: Peptide | protein fractions that transmits signals within and between cells. |
| Growth factor function | are proteins that regulate cell division & cell survival |
| What regulates tissue growth and development? | Growth factors |
| Example of growth factor | Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) |
| Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) | stimulates proliferation of connective tissue cells and neuroglial cells. |
| Sodium Potassium pump | Na+ & K+ |
| What creates unequal distribution of K+ & Na+ ions across cell membrand | sodium potassium pump |
| Sodium Potassium pump maintains | the concentration difference of ions |
| Higher concentration of Na+ locsated where? | ECF |
| Higher concentration of K+ located where? | ICF |
| Which side of the cell is more negatively charged? | the inside is more than the outside |
| Resting membrane potential | Polaraized cell membrane (Electrically charged) |
| What regulates polarity? | The sodium potassium pump (electrolyes) |
| The sodium potassium pump | What is important in the conduction of musle and nerve impulses? |
| Movement of solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentraion | diffusion |
| Filtration | Movement of water and solutes through a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure of around 25-30 mmHg. |
| water and solutes moved through membrane via hydrostatic pressure | Filtration |
| Mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes | Hydrostatic pressure |
| What is an example of hydrostatic pressure? | The heart contracts and generates BP in the blood vessels. |
| What is the hydrostatic pressure of blood in the capillary bed? | 25-30 mmHg |
| Movement of water down its concentration gradient | osmosis |
| measures the concentration of molecules per weight of water | osmolality |
| What does water do? | It moves toward an increase constant of solute. |
| osmolarity | Measures the concentration of molecules per volume of solution. |
| Osmotic pressure | The amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose osmotic movement |
| Decreased osmolarity = | means that solution moved into the 3rd space |
| The amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose osmotic movement of water. | Oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure. |
| Form of osmotic pressure where plasma protein (albumin) pulls water into the circulatory system | oncotic pressure |
| What happens to oncotic pressure when there is a reduction of plasma proteins due to malnutrition? | It decreases and water moves towards ECF via filtration |
| Movement of water down a concentration gradient across a semi permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a lower concentration | osmosis |
| Tells us the quality of the solution | tonicity |
| what is an important concept to understand when correcting water and solute imbalances? | Tonicity tells the effective osmolality of a solution |
| Tonicity helps with what? | to determine which IV solution to administer. |
| Example of tonicity | Non saline, 0.45 saline, LT, etc |
| Iso | same |
| Iso tonic | same solute concentration in ICF and ECF. |
| 0.9% NaCl is normal saline | Example of an isotonic solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids. |
| The net movememnt of water in and out of cell is the same | Isotonic |
| Hypo | ECF is Less than ICF |
| The solute concentration in ECF is less than ICF | Hypotonic |
| Hypotonic solution | Has lower osmotic pressure than body fluids (this has less solutes than body fluids) |
| Hypotonic | The net movement of water goes INTO the cell leading to cell swells and BURSTS!! |
| Hyper | ECF is greater than ICF |
| Hypertonic solution | Solution has higher osmotic pressure than body fluids. |
| Hypertonic | the net movement of water out of the cell that leads to cell shrinkage |
| crenat cell | broken apart. |
Created by:
Wends1984
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