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Patho 18

QuestionAnswer
Describe the common diagnostic tests for cardiovascular function Electrocardiogram, auscultation of heart sounds through stethorcope, excercise stress tests, chest x-ray, nuclear imaging, SPECT, Cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography, doppler studies, blood test, and arterial blood gas determination
Describe the dietary and lifestyle changes in the treatment of cardiovascular disease Reduction in total fat intake, salt and weight. Regular excercise. Cessation of smoking.
Explain the role of cholesterol and lipoproteins in the development of atheromas Atheromas form in large ateries, at points of bifucarion. Low-density lipoprotein LDL: bad component of cholesterol, binds to receptors then enters cells.
Explain the significance of metabolic syndrome in the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes, lipid levels are increased and there is a tendency toward entothelial degeneration.
State the factors predisposing to atherosclerosis unmodifiable: Age, Gender, Genetic or familiar factors. Modifiable: Obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, DM, poorly controled HTN, combo of smoking and contraceptives, high cholesterol and hypertension
Compare angina and myocardial infarction Angina occurs when there is a deficit of oxygen to the heart muscle. Myocardial infarction occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked, leading to prolonged ischemia and cell death of the heart wall.
Describe the common arrhythmias and cardiac arrest Bradycardia: slow heart rate. Tachycardia: rapid heart rate. Sick Sinus Syndrom SSS: alternating bradycardia and tachycardia often requiring a mechanical pacemaker
Discuss the causes of congestive heart failure and the effects of left-sided and right-sided failure
Explain the changes in blood flow and their effects in common congenital heart defects E
Discuss the development of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease u
Describe the etiology and pathophysiology of infectious endocarditis and pericarditis c
Explain the development and possible effects of essential hypertension j
Compare the arterial peripheral vascular diseases atherosclerosis, Buerger's disease, Raynaud disease, and aneurysms o
Describe the development and effects of venous disorders, varicose veins, phlebothrombosis, and thrombophlebitis n
Discuss the types of shock and the initial and progressive effects of shock on the body o
Describe the common drug groups used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease vasodilators: reduce peripheral resistance systemically beta-blockers: block beta1-adrenergic receptor in heart
common drug groups used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease Calcium channel blockers: block movement of calcium ions Digoxin: slows conduction of impulses and heart rate
common drug groups used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: block conversion of angiotesnin I to angiotensin II Diuretics: remove excess sodium and water from body through kidneys
common drug groups used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease Anticoagulant: reduces risk of blood clots
common arrhythmias and cardiac arrest Premature atrial contractions PAC: ectoptic beats of the atria Palpations: irregular heart contractions, often arising from excessive caffeine intake, smoking or stress. Atrial fibrillation: atrial heart
common arrhythmias and cardiac arrest Atrial flutter: atrial heart rate of 160 to 350, AV node delays conduction Atrial fibrilllation: atrial heart rate over 350, causes pooling of blood in atria
common arrhythmias 1st degree heart block: conduction delay prolongs PR intercal (time between atrial and ventricular contractions) 2nd degree heart block: longer delays lead periodically to a missed ventricular contraction
common arrhythmias Bundle branch block: interference with conduction in one of the bundle branchs ventricular tachycardia: reduction in filling time and force of contraction
common arrhythmias ventricular fibrillation: muscle fibers contract independently and rapidly Premature ventricular contractions: additional beats arising from a ventricular muscle cell
Created by: 100000896976776
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