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Biology 12 Chpt 16
Campbell Biology DNA Replication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage. |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |
| deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain). |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain. There are several different DNA polymerases; DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I play major roles in DNA replication in prokaryotes. |
| helicase | An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands. |
| lagging strand | A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5'-> 3' direction away from the replication fork. |
| leading strand | The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5'->3' direction. |
| mismatch repair | The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides. |
| nuclease | An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides. |
| nucleoid | A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. |
| nucleosome | The basic, bead-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone. |
| nucleotide excision repair | A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide. |
| Okazaki fragment | A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, many of which are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA. |
| origin of replication | Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides. |
| phage | A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage. |
| primase | An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template. |
| primer | A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication. |
| repetitive DNA | Nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and dispersed in the genome. |
| replication fork | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are growing. |
| semiconservative model | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand. |
| single-strand DNA-binding protein (SSBPs) | A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA. |
| telomerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells. |
| telomere | The repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome’s DNA molecule that protects the organism’s genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. |
| template strand | The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. |
| topoisomerase | A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork. |
Created by:
marsenault
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