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biology praxis voc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inorganic cofactors | are substances that promote enzyme catalysis. Some examples are iron, copper, and zinc. |
| stigma | is only found on female plants. |
| male plants have | filament and anther are parts of the reproductive system in plants. Stamen |
| stamen | consisting of the anther atop a long, hollow filament. |
| Blue-green bacteria | are prokaryotic organisms of the Kingdom Monera |
| eukaryotes | mold, seaweed, and hydra |
| Endosymbiont Theory | Scientists conclude that in the evolution of life (including plants) the first cells were prokaryotic, and that eukaryotic cells developed as cells with varying functions were incorporated into more complex cells |
| Legumes | hosting nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules. |
| carbohydrate molecule | contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio CH2O. |
| Glucose | is the only monosaccharide |
| Cellulose and starch | are both polysaccharides |
| Amylase | enzyme important to the digestion of starches. |
| enzyme | is a special protein that acts as a catalyst for organic reactions. |
| catalyst | is a substance that changes the speed of a reaction without being affected itself. |
| organs of the immune system | the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. |
| Fungi | do have a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. they absorb nutrients from their surroundings. |
| Grana | are within the stroma (or body) of the chloroplasts in plant cells. |
| chlorophyll and carotene | are found within the grana. |
| Cristae | found in mitochondria |
| Robert Hooke | Cell theory. |
| photosynthesis | convert energy directly from light. |
| genome | The sum total of genetic information of a species |
| transcription | Free bases line up along the DNA template and are bonded together, forming RNA |
| Translation | begins as a ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand at a particular codon known as the start codon. This codon is only recognized by a particular initiator tRNA. The ribosome continues to link tRNA whose anticodons complement the next codon on the mRNA strin |
| Transduction | refers to the changing of a bacterium's genetic makeup by the transfer of a portion of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another. |
| Transformation | refers to the absorption and incorporation of pieces of DNA from a bacterium's environment (usually from dead bacterial cells). |
| homologous pairs or homologs | Chromosomes that are paired with another of similar size and shape within the nucleus are known as; genes are not necessarily the same. |
| restriction enzymes. | cut out sections of DNA molecules by cleaving the sugar-phosphate backbone. |
| scientific law | must be testable, internally consistent, and compatible with available evidence and phenomena |
| Theory | is an explanation of a particular phenomenon of the natural world. explain aspects of laws, but not all laws have corresponding theories. |
| Mitosis | produces two exact copies of the original cell as daughter cells. |
| reduction | meiosis 1) |
| division | meiosis 2 affects the ploidy (referring to haploid or diploid) level, reducing it from 2n to n (i.e., diploid to haploid). Division then distributes the remaining set of chromosomes in a mitosis-like process among four daughter cells. |
| hemoglobin molecules | Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin molecules (that contain iron) in red blood cells. |
| non-oxygen-carrying blood cells | Lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and neutrophils |
| Osmosis | is a type of diffusion (passive transport) that occurs only with water molecules. The water on the side of the membrane with the highest water pressure will cross through the membrane until the concentration is equalized on both sides. |
| Facilitated diffusion | movement of substances across the cell membrane with the help of specialized proteins. |
| Exocytosis | is the process where large molecules are engulfed in a pocket of cell membrane and exported from the cell. |
| Endocytosis | also involves large molecules that are engulfed in a pocket of membrane, but in this case the molecules are imported into the cell. |
| epiglottis | is the flap of tissue that covers the glottis,preventing food particles from entering the bronchial tubes. |
| glottis | the opening that allows gases to pass into the bronchi, the lower portion of the trachea. |
| placenta | is the connection between the mother and embryo; it is the site of transfer for nutrients, water, and wastes between them. |
| yolk sac | stores nutrients for the embryo and the yolk sac membrane encloses the yolk sac. |
| uterus | the organ in the female body that houses the developing embryo. |
| allantois | contained by the allantoic membrane, develops into part of the umbilical cord. |
| digestive enzymes | released by the pancreas and gallbladder into the small intestine. |
| stomach | where food is digested through mechanical means as well as chemical means it produces its own enzymes, mucus, and gastric juices. |
| rectum | the large intestine with the anus where waste products are transported out of the body. |
| mutations in a DNA | caused by cigarette smoke, chemical exposure, or x-rays, an error that occurs randomly during one of the many copying sequences that occur within the cell. |
| Crossing over | a process that may occur during meiosis, resulting in exchange of corresponding portions between homologous chromosomes. |
| bones | 206 bones of the skeleton protect the soft internal organs of the human body, produce red blood cells from its marrow, store calcium and phosphates. |
| Reginald Punnett | the Punnett square |
| root cap | composed of dead, thick-walled cells and covers the tip of the root, protecting it as the root pushes through soil. |
| meristematic | region is just above the root cap. It consists of undifferentiated cells that carry on mitosis, producing the cells that grow to form the elongation region. |
| elongation | region, cells differentiate, large vacuoles are formed, and cells grow. As the cells differentiate into various root tissues, they become part of the maturation region. |
| Brownian motion | the random movement of atoms or particles caused by collisions between them; |
| Competition | occurs when niches overlap between two species in the same community. |
| Emigration | one-way movement out of the original range) is a form of dispersion (movement of species). |
| dispersion | movement of species. |
| dicot | a plant with two cotyledons in each seed and five petals. have taproot systems and leaves with networked or branching veins. |
| monocot | have random arrangement of its vascular bundles and leaves with parallel veins. |
| editorial | exspersses opinion, not appropriate for presenting the results of a technology design or research project |
| Amensalism | symbiosis where one organism is neither helped nor harmed but the growth of the other is inhibited. |
| Habituation | it is a behavioral response where there is less and less response by an individual to a stimulus over time. |
| calcium carbonate | Carbon dioxide is dissolved directly into the oceans, where it is combined with calcium |
| Endocytosis | the process whereby large molecules (i.e., some sugars, or proteins) are taken up by a sack of membrane and delivered to the interior of the cell where it can be used. |
| Endocytosis | This process, for instance, is used by white blood cells to engulf bacteria. |
| Exocytosis | exports substances to the exterior of the cell. |
| amylase's suitability to aid in the catalysis of starches | The shape of the active site on the amylase molecule matches the shape of starch molecules. |
| autotrophs | ferns, plants |
| elements in organic tissue | organic molecules are carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, and phosphorous. |
| Chemical bonds | where energy is stored within cells. |
| sporophyte | The diploid (2n)generation in plants |
| gametophyte | haploid (n) |
| Spores | male haploid gametes. |
| adult | haploid (mosses), or diploid (ferns) |
| Diffusion | process whereby molecules and ions flow through the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| Active transport | added energy to move substances across a membrane. |
| habitat | include all the factors that will support its life and reproduction including biotic factors and abiotic factors. |
| stems | tubers, rhizomes and corms |
| Tubers | found in the potato, function to store starch. |
| Rhizomes | ferns, function in vegetative propagation. |
| Corms | found in gladiolus and are actually fleshy leaves that store food. |
| Nodes | site on the stem at which the leaves attach. |
| Internodes | the region between nodes. |
| Carbon monoxide | colorless, odorless gas that can bind to hemoglobin without the subject's awareness causes internal suffocation, or asphyxiation. |
| cell size | limited by the ratio of its surface area to volume. |
| Ingested | mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. |
| immunity cells | called lymphocytes and are produced in bone marrow as stem cells. |
| T cells | one of two classes of lymphocytes B cells and T cells. T cells also regulate immune responses. |
| Cellular respiration | process that releases energy for use by the cell |
| stomach | secretes digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and gastric juices, which all aid in digestion. also secretes mucus, which protects the stomach lining from the acids and gastric juices. |
| nitrogen fixing | makes nitrogen available for absorption by the roots of plants. |
| nitrogen fixing | process of combining it with either hydrogen or oxygen. |
| nitrogen fixing | either by nitrogen-fixing bacteria or by the action of lightning. |
| Chlorophyll | green pigment that must be present in order for photosynthesis to occur. ability to absorbe a photon of light and is found in the grana of the chloroplast. |
| first law of Mendelian genetics | Law of Segregation, stating that traits are expressed from a pair of genes in the individual, one of which came from each parent. The alleles are randomly separated as gametes are formed and are brought together in varying combinations through fertilizati |
| convergent evolution | The similarity of body shapes between sharks and dolphins most likely results from |
| Hardy-Weinberg Law | p + q = 1 where p and q represent the frequencies of two alleles. |
| p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 | where the frequency of homozygous dominant genotypes is represented by p2, the homozygous recessive by q2, and the heterozygous genotype by 2pq. |
| Homo sapiens | an example of binomial nomenclature, the use of the genus and species names together. |
| Oparin hypothesis | included the idea that most water on Earth was in the form of water vapor and steam, not ice. 4.6 billion years old and had a reducing atmosphere with very little oxygen present. abundance of ammonia, hydrogen, methane, water vapor, and steam (H2O). |
| altruistic traits | may actually decrease the individual's fitness to survive, it increases the survival rate of the population. |
| altruistic traits | preserved through kin selection. increasing the probability for those relatives to survive and to pass on their genetic traits. |
| Genetic drift | random fluctuation in allele frequency, including loss of alleles. most pronounced in small populations and therefore in populations that have become separated from a main population. |
| natural selection | driving mechanism of evolution |
| Oparin hypothesis | involved only the earliest forms of organic life and does not involve speciation. |
| Allopatric | speciation depends upon natural selection. |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | explains the preservation of genes within a population in spite of the occurrence of natural selection. |
| species | distinct group of individuals that are able to mate and produce viable offspring. |
| community | includes all the species that interact in a particular area. |
| phylums of vertebrates | Reptile, amphibia, mammalia, chondrichthyes |
| Kingdom | Fungi, Animalia, Monera, Plantae, Protista. |
| Photosynthetic | organisms are found in the Kingdom Plantae and the Kingdom Protista |
| polygenic | When more than one gene controls a particular genetic trait |
| autosome | is any chromosome that does not determine the sex of an individual. |
| sex-linked trait | is one whose genes are found on one of the sex chromosomes. |
| monohybrid cross | is a genetic cross where only one trait is considered |
| bony fish | class Osteichthyes easily identifiable |
| Cephalochordates | have a notochord, but no vertebrae. |
| Porifera | phylum including sponges |
| Cnidaria | is the phylum including jellyish and hydra. |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | only occurs when mutation, immigration, emigration, as well as natural selection are not happening in a population. |
| Sexual recombination | |
| Protista | may be autotrophic, heterotrophic, or a combination of both depending on the presence or absence of chloroplasts. algae, slime molds, and protozoa. |
| Taxonomy | scientific classification of all living things into a systematic scheme. It is based on evolutionary relationships. |
| monera | bacteria and blue-green algae |
| phyla | or divisions as in Fungi and Plantae |
| Mans taxonomic classification | kingdom - Animalia phylum - Chordata class - Mammalia order - Primates family - Hominidae genus - Homo species - Homo sapiens |
| Adaptive radiation | a pattern that occurs when a lineage (single line of descent) branches into two or more lineages, and these further branch out. This pattern can occur when a species is able to invade environments that have previously been occupied by other species. |
| Gregor Mendel | studied the relationships between traits expressed in parents and offspring and the genes that caused the traits to be expressed. |
| elements found in proteins | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are all common elements found in proteins. |
| Chordata | a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a postanal tail during some point of their development. Snake |
| Nitrogenous | wastes would go up, not down with increased population. |
| hydrogen bond | involves the attraction of atoms of different polarity and can be easily broken. |
| Ionic bonds | (where electrons are transferred) |
| Chimpanzees | are more closely related to Homo sapiens than to other apes but Homo sapiens did not evolve from chimpanzees. |
| early hominoids | stood upright before there was an increase in brain size. |
| Protista | algea and protozoa which contains one-celled eukaryotes. |
| Plantae | that are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes (including gymnosperms, angiosperms, etc.). |
| isotonic state | When the water concentration inside and outside the cell is equal |
| Cellular metabolism | general term that includes all types of energy transformation processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, growth, movement, etc. |
| Energy transformations | occur as chemicals are broken apart (catabolism) or synthesized within the cell (anabolism). |
| electron transfer system (ETS) | produces the most ATP molecules, yielding 34 ATPs per glucose molecule. |
| Fermentation and glycolysis | produce two ATPs per glucose molecule. |
| Krebs cycle | the main energy products of the Krebs cycle are those that liberate electrons that are then used in the electron transfer reactions. |
| primary role of DNA | in the cell is the control of protein synthesis. |
| Genetic traits | expressed and specialization of cells occurs as a result of the combination of proteins produced by the DNA of a cell. |
| genetic imprinting | When expression of genetic traits is determined by whether the trait is inherited from the mother or the father |
| Genetic maintenance | simply refers to the preservation of the integrity of genetic information from one generation to another. |
| periods | interphase and mitosis |
| Interphase | is the period when the cell is active in carrying on the function it was designed to perform within the organism. Longest period |
| literature basis | In determining risk, the literature basis is the least important factor. |
| Ribonucleic acid | a molecule that stores information for protein synthesis and genetic coding, not energy. |
| Cellulose, starch, lipid, and sugar molecules | all store energy within their chemical bonds. |
| Stem tissue | is made of vascular tissue, including both xylem and phloem. |
| cuticle | is found covering the leaf. |
| Prosthetic groups | which may be ions or non-protein molecules, are similar to cofactors in that they facilitate the enzyme reaction. are tightly attached by covalent bonds to the enzyme, rather than being separate atoms or molecules. |
| inorganic cofactor | does not bind with the enzyme. |
| coenzyme | also does not bind to the enzyme itself and is not an ion. |
| Phloem tissue | made of stacked cells connected by sieve plates (that allow nutrients to pass from cell to cell), transports food made in the leaves (by photosynthesis) to the rest of the plant. |
| Xylem | tissue transfers water and does not require sieve plates to allow nutrients through. |
| Meristem | is the tissue that is found in the root cap and is responsible for quick growth in the roots. |
| Internodal | tissue is found on the stem between nodes. |
| Water | pH of approximately 7 Transparency, polarity, and density are characteristics that make water valuable to living things. |
| Carrying capacity | is the number of organisms that can be supported within a particular ecosystem. |
| natality | refers to the birthrate of a population. |
| population | includes the number of organisms in a given community, whether or not the community is at its carrying capacity. |
| community | comprised of all the organisms that interact within a given ecosystem whether or not it is at carrying capacity or not. |
| spiracles | Insects use spiracles for gas exchange |
| Alveoli | are found within the lungs (lungs are not found in insects). |
| cephalothorax | head and thorax of arachnids and crustaceans, and is not found in insects. |
| liver | filters out most chemical pollutants, which are then mixed with broken-down pigments in the bile. |
| Bile | secreted into the small intestine, then proceeds to the large intestine and is expelled in the feces. |
| gametogenesis | process of forming egg and sperm cells in the reproductive organs |
| gametes | Egg and sperm cells |
| oogonium | are cells that eventually may become egg cells. |
| Gametocide | refers to the destruction of gametes. |
| mesoderm | (between the ectoderm and endoderm) layer will eventually form muscles, and organs of the skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive, and excretory systems. |
| endoderm | become the gut lining and some accessory structures. |
| ectoderm | will become the skin, some endocrine glands, and the nervous system. |
| blastula | develops into a thin layer of cells surrounding an internal cavity. |
| Altruism | social behavior of an organism that is beneficial to the group at the individual's expense. |
| Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) | is an innate behavior that is independent of the organism's environment. |
| Habituation | occurs when an individual learns not to respond to a particular stimulus, for instance when a stimulus is repeated many times without consequence. |
| Circadian rhythm | cycle of daily behavior based on an internal clock and environmental cues. |
| Imprinting | a behavior that is learned during a critical period of an organism's life |
| habitat | refers to the physical place where an organism lives. |
| niche | includes the role played by the organism in its food chain. |
| biosphere | the part of the Earth that contains all living things. |
| vascular bundles | The sugars produced by photosynthesis are transported throughout the plant via |
| vascular bundles | make up the veins in the leaf and are also distributed throughout the stem. |
| Epidermal tissue | is the outermost layer of cells of the stem |
| Meristem | tissue consists of undifferentiated cells capable of quick growth and specialization. Meristem tissue is responsible for elongation of the stem. |
| Parenchyma | tissue has loosely packed cells that allow for gas and moisture exchange. |
| biogeochemical | Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous are all recycled through biogeochemical cycles |
| thermodynamics | energy can be created or destroyed, and as energy changes form and passes from one level to another, some becomes unusable. |
| Guard cells and stomata | whole cells that regulate the intake and outflow of water |
| plasmodesmata | channels in the cell membrane. One pathway for water to pass through cell walls and plasma membranes toward xylem tissue is through an intercellular route through channels in the cell membranes |
| Internodes | the areas on the stem between nodes (places on the stem where leaves can begin to grow). |
| Phosphorous | found in solid form, within rocks and soil. |
| Phosphates | are absorbed by plants in and near the water and are used in the synthesis of organic molecules. |
| phosphorous | then passed up the food chain and returned through animal wastes and organic decay of dead matter. |
| New phosphorous | enters the cycle as undersea sedimentary rocks are upthrust during the shifting of the Earth's tectonic plates. |
| New rock-containing phosphorous | then exposed to erosion and enters the cycling process. |
| Mitochondria | are the organelles where cellular respiration occurs |
| lysosome | a packet of digestive enzymes that destroy cellular wastes. |
| Chromatin | is disorganized DNA with histones attached. |
| ecotone | The sharp boundary of a community |
| Mitochondria | cell's "powerhouses," as they constitute the center of cellular respiration. |
| Cellular respiration | is the process of breaking up covalent bonds within sugar molecules with the intake of oxygen and release of energy in the form of ATP [adenosine tri-phosphate] molecules. |
| ATP | is the energy form used by all cell processes |
| Mitochondrion | are found wherever energy is needed within the cell, and are more numerous in cells that require more energy (muscle, etc.). |
| endoplasmic reticulum | is a system of channels for moving substances within the cell. |
| Ribosomes | are the site of protein synthesis within the cell. |
| Insects | (including bees) are within the phylum Arthropoda |
| Aves | is the class composed of birds. |
| Annelida | is the phyla composed of segmented worms. |
| Nematoda | is the phyla of roundworms. |
| Enzymes | names ending in -ase—thus lactase is an enzyme - proteins, which are polymers of amino acids. |
| carbohydrates | Lactose, glycogen and sucrose |
| Lactose | is the sugar that lactase acts upon. |
| saccharides | Glycogen and sucrose |
| Aganatha | vertebrates with no jaws |
| Gnathostomata | vertebrates with animals with jaws. |
| Protista | is a kingdom that includes algae and protozoa. |
| Cnidaria | is a phylum that contains jellyish, hydra, |
| structure for plants and animals | microtubules, microfilaments, and centrioles |
| cell walls | provide structure to plant cells (and some bacteria). |
| cerebrum | controls sensory and motor responses, and it controls memory, speech, and intelligence factors |
| Nitrogen cycle | bacteria break ammonia into nitrites, then into nitrates that are usable by plants. volcanic activity produces ammonia and nitrates that enter the soil and can be absorbed by plants. lightning reacts with atmospheric nitrogen to form nitrates that are abs |
| Vitamin C | required for collagen to be synthesized. |
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