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Biology Chapter 3
Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ecology | The scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environments. |
| What does the biosphere contain? | The combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists - land, water, atmosphere. |
| Species | Group of organisms that are similar and can breed and produce fertile offspring. |
| Population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. |
| Community | Assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area. |
| Ecosystem | Collection of all organisms together w / their nonliving, physical environment. |
| Biome | a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities |
| Biosphere | highest level of organization |
| 3 basic approaches scientists use to conduct modern ecological research | observing, experimenting, modeling. |
| Why use modeling? | Gain insight into a complex ecological phenomenon. |
| Why set up an artificial environment in a lab? | To imitate and manipulate conditions organisms would encounter in the natural world. |
| What is at the core of every organism's interaction with the environment? | The need for energy to power life's processes. |
| The source of energy organisms use that don't use the sun's energy | inorganic chemical compounds. |
| Autotrophs | capture the sun's energy or chemicals and make their own food. also called producers b/c they produce their own food. |
| What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis | use light nrg to convert co2 and water into 02 and energy-rich carbs |
| Main producer | land: plants upper layers of ocean: algae tidal flats and salt marshes: photosynthetic bacteria |
| Chemosynthesis | organisms use chemical nrg to produce carbs |
| Bacteria that carry out chemosynthesis live in | remote places or common places. |
| Heterotrophs | also called consumers |
| Detrivore | feed on remains and dead stuff |
| Decomposer | breaks down organic matter |
| Detrius | plant and animal remains & other dead matter |
| How does energy flow thru an ecosystem? | In one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs then to heterotrophs |
| Food chain | a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating & being eaten |
| Food web | complex feeding interactions |
| Food web links together... | ...all of the food chains in an ecosystem |
| Trophic level | each step in a food chain/web |
| 1st trophic level | producers |
| Ecological pyramid | a diagram tat shows relative amts. of nrg or matter contained in each trophic level |
| Biomass | total amt. of living tissue within a trophic level |
| Biomass pyramid | represents the amt. of potential food available in each trophic level in an ecosystem |
| Pyramid of numbers | shows the # of organisms @ each trophic level |
| The movement of matter is different than flow of nrg b/c | it is recycled within & between ecosystems |
| Matter moves thru ecosystems in | biogeochemical cycles |
| Transpiration | water enters te atmosphere by evaporating from leaves of plants |
| Water cycle involves | precipitation, evaporation, runoff, etc. |
| Nutrients | all the chemical substances an organism needs to live |
| Carbon is important b/c | key ingredient in all living organisms |
| Nitrogen is required to | make amino acids |
| Main nitrogen resivoir | nitrogen gas |
| Nitrogen fixation | the process in which bacteria converts nitrogen gas into amonia (takes gas out) |
| Dentrification | Soil bacteria converts nitrates into n gas (put back in) |
| Phosphorus cycle | phosphate is released as rocks and sediments wear down. plants absorb phosphate from the soil or water. phosphorus is not abundant, but it can move thru food webs. |
| Phosphorus is essential b/c | it forms part of molecules like DNA and RNA |
| Primary productivity | rate at which organic matter is created by producers |
| a nutrient in short supply will | limit growth |
| Limiting nutrient | an ecosystem is limited by that nutrient that is scarce or cycles slowly |
| Ocean limiting nutrient | nitrogen |
| freshwater limiting factor | phosphorus |
| Algal bloom | when an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient |
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