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biology chp 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryotic cells lack what? | a nuclei |
| what are the 3 types of RNA? | messenger, ribosomal, and transfer |
| what is RNA? | a long single strand of phosphorus and ribose; ribonucleic acid, its primary function is for photosynthesis but can be used to carry genetic info |
| how are DNA and RNA similar and different? | RNA is in ribose instead of deoxyribose RNA is generally single stranded RNA controls uracil in place of thymmine |
| Eukaryotic DNA is generally found in the cell _____? in the form of ____? | nucelus, chromosomes |
| diploid human cells have ____ chromsomes? | 46 |
| during DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces what? | two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing |
| Frederick Griffith | was trying the figure why bacteria make people sick; used mice, tested pneumonia, 2 different strains |
| Griffith called his process what? | transformation |
| Avery | wanted to know what molecule in heat killed bacteria, treated it with enzymes |
| in Avery's experiment DNA was the what? | transforming factor |
| Hershey- Chase | found bacteriophages |
| proteins contain almost no ____? | phosphurus |
| DNA contains no _____? | sulfur |
| Avery concluded that ? | the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA not protein |
| DNA is made up of units called nucleotides.... a nucleotide has 3 basic components. what are they? | 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base |
| There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA which are divided into 2 groups | purines -- adenine and guanine pyrimidines -- cytosine and thymine |
| Chargaff's Rule | A=T and G=C |
| Chargaff had no idea that what? | both organisms and humans obeyed his rule |
| who used a very powerful xray? | Rosalind Franklin |
| Watson and Crick discovered that what ? | hydrogen bonds could form between certain nitrogenous bases and provides just enough force to hold the two strands together |
| hydrogen bonds can form only between what? | certain base pairing |
| ribosomes are made up of ______? | several dozen proteins |
| When does the cell use information form messenger RNA to produce proteins? | during translation |
| what is an example of mutation? | down syndrome |
| what are four types of chromosomal mutations? | deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations |
| genes are expressed in order to be able to use the sugar lactose as food which is called? | lac operon |
| where do hox genes control the differentiation of the cell and tissues | in the embryo |
| a group of genes that operate together | operon |
| process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria | transformation |
| the principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine | base pairing |
| changes in the genetic material | mutation |
| type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis | transfer RNA |
| the RNA molecules that carry copies of instructions that serves as "messengers" from DNA to the rest of the cell | messenger RNA |
| the condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes is called ? | polyploidy |
| monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | nucleotide |
| granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins | chromatin |
| globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin | histone |
| type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes | ribosomal RNA |
| process in which part of the nucelotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA | transcription |
| enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription | RNA polymerase |
| decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain | translation |
| expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein | exons |
| series of genes that controls the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of an embryo | hox gene |
| group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an RNA codon | anticodon |
| enzyme that "proofreads" new DNA strands, helping to ensure that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original DNA | DNA polymerase |
Created by:
fosterw
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