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micro module 1
microbiology chap 1,4,5,7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| most microbes cannot be seen with what | the naked eye |
| what are the different disciplines of microbiology | biochem, biotechnology, molecular biologym ecology, genetics, physiology |
| microbes include what | bacteria, viruses, fungi, potista, helminths |
| what are the 2 fungi we will study | molds and yeasts |
| what are the 2 poistas we will study | algae and primarily protozoa |
| what microbe can possibly be seen with the naked eye | worms |
| what does it mean that a microbe has recombinant DNA | the microbe can change its genetic makeup to make it more resistant to Tx (ex: E. coli picked up gene from another bacteria and now it is more resistance to food tx process) |
| what was the 1st cell ever | prokaryotes |
| what does bioremediation do | it introduces microbes into problem environments to restore stability (ex: oil spills water and sewage tx) |
| prokaryote: does it have a nucleus; does it have DNA; what is unique about its DNA; do they functions the same as eukaryotes; how are they simpler than eukaryotes | no; yes; it is not confined to a nuclear envelope; yes; they are simpler structurally |
| bacteria are what type of microbe | prokaryote |
| eukaryotes have a true what | nucleus |
| viruses: how are they only able to reproduce; they are _-cellular; | in another/ host cell; a; (they can only reproduce in a specific type of cell |
| bacteria like organisms have been on earth for how long | 3.5 billion years |
| what type of photosynthesis occured 1st on the earth; later this involved into what type of photosynthesis | anoxygenic photosynthesis; oxygenic photosynthesis |
| oxygenic photosynthesis: what is it; what is the source of energy in this process; what is the product of the process; 1st livign cell to produce what | light fueled conversion of CO2 to organic material and oxygen; light rays; O2 and organic material; O2 (before plants) |
| def of pathogens | microbes that do harm |
| what are the top 7 infectious diseases worldwide | respiratory influenza, AIDS, diarrheal diseases, TB, malaria, measles, Hep B |
| microscopic organisms are collectively referred to as what | microbes |
| def of photosynthesis | the light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material |
| what is genetic engineering | an area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms |
| most microorganisms have a close association with what | other organisms |
| prokaryotes: are they microscopic; ___ cellular; how many times smaller are they than a eukaryote; do they have ribosomes; are they multicellular; are they all microorganisms | yes; unicellular; 10x; yes; no; yes |
| eukaryotes: are unicellular; are they multicellular; do they have a nucleus; do they have organelles; are they all microorganisms | yes; yes; yes; no |
| what are we an eukaryote or a prokaryote | eukaryote |
| viruses: do they have cells; why are they considered parasitic; what usually happens to the host cell; what are they composed of; are they living | no; because they enter a cell in order to reproduce; the virus will destroy it; a nucleic acid and protein; no |
| life begins where | at a cell that can support itself |
| microbial dimensions: bacteria will be at what level; viruses; eukaryotes | a micrometer; nanometers; micrometers |
| what is smaller a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cells | prokaryotic cells |
| what can viruses infect | a bacteria or eukaryotic cell |
| what are organelles | small membrane bound cell structures that perform specific functions in eukaryotic cells |
| are viruses simpler or more complex then cells | simpler |
| def of biogenesis | that living things arise only from others of their same kind |
| majority of microbes are harmless or pathogens | harmless |
| def of symbiosis | many microbes have have a close association with other organisms |
| def of mutualism | organisms living in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship |
| def of commensalism | an unequal relationship in which one species derives benefit without harming the other |
| def of parasitism; aka | organisms living on or within another organism (the host); the parasite benefits from the relationship and the host is harmed to soem degree; parasites |
| how old is microbiology | 300 years old |
| what are prodominet discoveries in microbiology | development of the microscope, scientific method, microbiology techniques, development of medical and environmental microbiology |
| what invetions really started the study of microbiology | the microscope |
| robert hook: year; first person to identify what; how did he identify a cell; what did he call a cell; what is a cella | 1600s; a cell; from viewing cork slices he saw the outlining of a cell; cella; name given to a monks room because it is sparce |
| most people on the early scientific era believed in what; def of spontaneous genertaion | spontaneous generation; certain living things can arise from nonliving/decomposing matter (ex: old left out meat) |
| what is the vital force that gave life to nonliving things of spontaneous genertaion | miasma |
| miasma: some believed a miasma was the cause of what; def of miasma; what was air considered; def of miasms | infectious disease; chemical poisoning of the air; the life force; decaying or diseased bodies could tranmit disease by force or poison |
| antonie van leeuwenhoek: year; made what; first to make diagrams of what; what did he call microbes; how did he slow the development of microbiology; occupation | 1600; made microscope lens mag of 300x; living microbes; animalcules (bacteria and protozoa); he did not share how he made his lense; linen merchant |
| who is called the father of microbiology and why | antonie van leeuwenhoek, because of his work and lens he made |
| compound microscope: when was it first used; what was the magnification; how many lenses; who made first compound and when | 1800s; 1000x; two sets; dutch spectacle makers in 1500 |
| was was believed for many years making it difficult to move forward | spontanious genertaion |
| francesco redi: what was occupation; years; he performed the first what; what was the expiriment; | italian physician; 1600s; biology experiments; used meat and covered and uncovered jars flies only arose from the uncovered jars |
| lazzaro spallanzani: occupation; what did he do; | italian anatomist in 1700s; boiled beef broth in flasks to steralize it (sealed flask= no growth; open flask= growth |
| edward jenner: year; occupation; what did he make; how did he make vaccine | 1700; english surgeon; first effective vaccine against small pox; noted milkmaids did not get smallpox; he used cowpx and injected it to a boy and then injected boy with smallpox boy was immune |
| louis pasteur: year; job; what did he discover; def of pasteurization; this supported what; he identified what organism that supports alcohol | 1800; fermented beer and wine; pasteurization; applying heat to kill bacteria; biogenesis; yeast |
| pasteur: what instrument did he use; what did he do to beef broth; he did not cover what and why; what did he discover; this experiment aka | swan neck flask; boiled it so it was sterile; the top of swan neck so air could enter; air could enter and the broth remained sterile because of the type of flask used but if broth was tipped later it was not sterile; swan neck flask expirement (disproves |
| antonie van leeuwenhoek: how many lenses were there; | a single lens |
| scientific method: why was this important; what is the order; | it became a standard for the why scientists go about solving a problem; hypothesis to problem, deductive approach, |
| scientific method: what is deductive approach; what is the "if . . then" idea in deductive approach; | the scinyidy constructs and hypothesis, tests its validity by outlining particular events that are predicted by the hypothesis and then performs experiments to test for those events; if the hypothesis is valid, then certain events can be expected to occur |
| scientific method: def; what is after hypothesis; what is after prediction; why do hypothesis need to be modified; we identify what | the general approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon; prediction; testing; when we do not get results that we hypothesized; a problem |
| scientific method: we state what; we describe what; we collect what; we discuss and analyze what; discussion sould only analyze what | a problem; the methods we will use; data; the data; the facts |
| scientific methods: conclusion: what is the conclusion;how many parts should it have; what is the 1st part; what is 2nde part; what 3rd part; where is 3rd part in conclusion | all of what happened in the process of the expirement; 3; the hypothesis should be restated; summary of discussion; whether hypothesis is supported or refuted; last sentence of conclusion |
| scientific method: results must be published and repeated by other investigators why; if results of hypothesis are same with many investigaters what is its called then | to make sure it is accurate and can be repeated and hypothesis can be moved forward; theory |
| scientific method: def of theory; what is not a theory; when does it become a law | a collection of statements, propositions or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event; the result of a single experiment repeated over and over again; the evidence is so compelling that is is confidentally accurate |
| what does it mean that microbes are ubiquous | they are everywhere and throughout the environment |
| germ theory of disease: who discovered it; when; what is it; is this a theory or a law; who was able to support this | louis pasteur; 1800s; microbes can be the cause of disease; a law; robert koch |
| John tyndall: what did he prove; what process did he create; tyndallization is aka; | that presence of heat can kill resistant forms of microbes; tyndalization; fractional sterilization; |
| pasteurs swan neck experiment: why did it not work for some; | b/c some hay had heat resistent bacterial spores and spores had not been identified yet |
| tyndallization: what do you boil; what does the boiling do; what stage is the vegatative cell in; some bacteria can morph from a vegatative atate to what state | beef broth; destroy vegatative bacteria cells; the growing stage; a spore; |
| tyndallization: spores are hard to kill why; do bacterial spores survive the boiling; what happens when broth cools; def of germenate; what do the spores germanate to | they are resistant ot many things- temp,PH, electricity; yes; it germenates; it morphs to a different state; vegatative bacterial cells |
| tyndallization: when we deal with vegatative bacterial cells they go in and out of a spore state why; what do we do after broth cool; how many times is process repeated; why is beef broth used | it all depends on the environment; it is heated again and vegatative bacterial cells are destroyed and remaining spores are not harmed and the process is repeated; x3; for anutritions environment |
| what are some ways to sterilize | filtration (membrane with small pores), clorination, |
| ignaz semmelweis a hungarian phycisian: what did he notice regarding pregnant women; when; why; how did he help this and increase survival rate; | they were dying more in hospital than at home with midwife; 1800s; surgeons would go from doing autopsies to deliver a child; he required washing of hands prior to assisting patients |
| def of epidemiology | study of disease and transmission |
| joseph lister: what did he do; what is aseptic technique; | he developed aseptic technique; washing hands and heat for sterilization |
| loius pasteur: how did he stop the sour of wine; what is the fermentation process he discovered; what experiment disproved spontanious generation; what vaccine did he develop; what theory did he formulate but not prove; | pastuerization; that yeast produced the alcohol; the swan neck flask industry; rabies; germ theory of disease |
| louis pasteur: what did he not do; how did he develop the rabies vaccine | identify a specific organism; he put the virus in a young boy |
| robert koch: he was in competition with who, what did he establish; what is kochs postulates | pasteur; koch's pastulates; a series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whethic a organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused |
| robert koch: his postulates proved what; what dieases did he identify; his assistants developed what; how did he identify pure culture methods; | the germ theory of disease; anthrax, TB and cholera; petri dishes and agar; that states he is abel to identify one organism at a time |
| who won nobel prize for TB in 1905koch or pastuer | koch |
| solid medium problems: why was gelatin difficult to use; how did agar help with this problem; | some organisms produce gelatinase that liquifies gelatin; this was more heat and enzyme resistance than gelatin and is still used today |
| taxonomy: def; who developed it; what is binomial classification system; how does it classify; | the formal system for organizing, classifying and naming living things; carl von linne - he developed binmial classification system; using two nmaes to describe species (E. coli); orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionaryrela |
| taxonomy: def of nomenclacture; def of identification | assigning names; determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes |
| taxonomy: levels of classification- how are they organized; list the levels in order from top to bottom; mnemonic aid to remember | into several descending ranks; domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species; do keep pond water clean or flogs get sick |
| taxonomy: levels of classification- domain- what are the 3;def of archaea; def of bacteria; def of eukarya; ex: where does E. coli fall; where does yeast fall | archaea, bacteria, eukarya; primative bacteria live in harsh environments; this is true bacteria- less harsh environments; all organisms that have nuclear envelope around genetic material; bacteria; eukarya |
| taxonomy: levels of classification- kindom- what is the difference from domain | they are more alike |
| taxonomy: levels of classification- species- do they have subcategories; subcatagories are called what; | yes; strains |
| binomial nomenclature: def; what is the 1st name called; what is second name called; how should it be written; when do you not need to underline; when can you not abbreviate; | assigning scientfic names each organism is given 2 names; genus; species or specific epithet; each name should be underlined and a spce left between the 2 names that is not underlined; if you italicize; if only the genus is known |
| binomial nomenclature: never abreiviate a scientific name until it has been used how many times | once |
| origin of microbeS: def of phylogeny: def of evolution; | natural relatedness between groups of organisms; all species originate from preexisting soecies and closely related organisms have simialr features because they evolved from common ancestral forms; |
| origin of microbeS: evolution usualy progesses how | to greater complexity; |
| systems of presenting universal tree of life: early classification used what system; who developed to 2 kingdom system; what are the 2 kingdoms; when | the two kingdom system; darwin and haechel; plantae and animalia (everything identified had to fall under these two); 1800 |
| five kingdom system: who created it; when; what are the five names; where is bacteria in this system; is it used today | whittaker; 1960's; plantae, animalia, fungi, protista, manera; manera; yes |
| 3 domain system: who created this; when; is it used today; what are the 3 domains; | woese-fax; 1970s; yes; bacteria, archaea, eukaryote |
| placing the 5 kindoms under 3 domains: where does plantae fall; animalia; fungi; protista; monera | eukarya; eukarya; eukarya; eukarya; bacteria anf archaea |
| what are the prokaryotic cell typers in domains | archaea and bacteria |
| prokaryotes: what are they; what are the 3 main parts of it outer to inner structures; | bacteria; external structures, cell envelope, internal structures |
| prokaryotes: external structures: what are the 2 types; name the appendages; name the glycocalyxs; | appendages and glycocalyx; flagella, pili, finbriae; capsule and slime layer |
| prokaryotes: cell envelope- what are the parts of the cell envelope; who types of bacteriaonly have outer membrane | cell wall, cellmembrane, outer membrane; gram negative bacteria; |
| prokaryotes: internal strucutere- name them; endospore corrolates with what | cytoplasm, ribosomes, inclusion, nucleoid, actin endospore; spore state and not all can do theat |
| prokaryotes: flagella- def; what is a monotrichous; def lophotrichous; def amphitrichous; def peritrichous; what does it do | specialized appendage attached to cell that holds a long rotating filament; single flagellum; small bunches/tufts of flagella emerging from same site; one or more emerging from each pole of cell; dispersed randomly over cell; provides motility |
| how are prokaryotic cells different the eukaryotic | lack mucleus and organelles, but can engage in every activity that eukaryotic cells can |
| what is sexual reporduction; what is asexual reproduction; | offspring are produced through union of sex cells from 2 parents; offspring originate through division of a single parent cell into 2 daughter cells |
| how do prokaryotic cells reproduce; de of binary fission | binary fission; simple process of cells splitting equally into 2 |
| motility in prokaryotes: how do they move; what do they not have | with flagella; cilia or psuedopods |
| what is irritability; why is it helpful | a response to chemical, mechanical or light stimuli; helps them adapt to changing environment |
| prokaryotes: glycocalyx- def; what are the 2 types; de fof slime layer; def of capsule; functions | pink coating layer external to cell wall serves to protect, adhesion; slime layer and capsule; loosely organized protects from dehydrtation and loos of nutrients; bound tightly sticky; protectes cell; inhibits beign killed by WBC, attachment,forms biofilm |
| prokaryotes: bacterial chromosomes or mucleoid- def; | composed of DNA; gives off genetic and heredity traits and codes for proteins; |
| prokaryotes: plasmid- def; | double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes; |
| prokaryotes: pilus- def; what is singular term; is it longer or shorter than fimbriae; is it only found in gram neg. or pos. bacteria; what is conjunction | elongate hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells; pili; longer; negative; partial transfer of DNA from one cell to other |
| prokaryotes: ribosomes- def; | composed of protein and RNA sites for protein synthesis; |
| prokaryotes: actin cytoskeleton- def; | long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell inside cell membrance and contribute to shape of cell; |
| prokaryotes: fimbriae- def; most contain what substance; ex: what bacterial colonize intestines by this mean | fine, hairlike bristles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces; protein; E. coli |
| prokaryotes: inclusion/ granules- def; | stored nutrients such as fat etc. deposited in dense crystals, used when needed; |
| prokaryotes: cell wall- def; | a semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for cell; |
| prokaryotes: cell membrane- def' | thin sheet of lipid and proteing that surounds that cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool |
| prokaryotes: outer membrane- def; similar to what; | extra membrane contains lipopoly saccharide controls flow of materials and portions of it are toxic to mammals; cell membrane; |
| prokaryotes: endospores- def; | dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions; |
| prokaryotes: cytoplasm- def; | water based solution filing the entire cell; |
| bacterial locomotion: what are the 3 types; what is a run; what is a tumble; what is phototaxis; runs and tumbles are by what eppendage | flagella, axial filaments and gliding; when flagellum rotates counterclockwise and swims in smooth linear direction; the reverse the direction away from simuli; movement response to light; flagella |
| chemotaxis: def; what is positive; what is negative | movement in response to chemical signals; movement of cell in direction of favorable chem. stimulus; movement away from a repellant |
| what 2 bacterial surface appendages are involved in interaction with other cells but do not provide locomotion | fimbria and pilus |
| def of conjunction | exchange of genes |
| biofilm: def; in what environment are they most important; where are they not wanted; where are they on our body; what % of infection involves biofilms; | living layers cooperative association among several microbe groups, cell conolies multiply and bind to the substrate to thicken the biofilm; auqatic and terrestrial; manmade buildings storage tanks; skin oral cavity large intestines; 60%; |
| prokaryotes: cell envelope- composed of what 2 layers; what is gram positive look like; what does gram negative look like; althoung the wall and membrane are different why do they act together; what is thicker gram + or - | cell wall and cell membrane; thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and cell membrane; outer cell membrane thin peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane; to maintain cell integrity ; gran + |
| gram stains: what does term gram + or- indicate; what are the different results do to | not electrical charge of cell but whether or not a cell retains the primary dye-iodine complex; differences in the structure of cell wall |
| def of bioremediation | microbes are used in this to clean up ollutants and wastes in natural environments |
| def of genetic engineering | this alters genetic material to produce new products and modified life forms |
| def of fungi | heterotrophic unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organism that may take the form of a lerger macroscopic (aka mushrooms, yeasts) |
| def of algae | photosynthetic, plantlike organism that lack the complex structure of plants |
| def of protozoa | group of single cells eukaryotic organisms |
| def of biotechnology | this applies the power of microbes towards the manufacture of industrial products, foods and drugs |
| def of parasites; def of hosts | microbes that line on the bodies of hosts; parasites live on this |
| de of eubacteria | term used for nonarchaea prokaryotes stands for true bacteria |
| def of eukarya | one of the 3 domains of living organisms, contains all eukaryotic cells |
| def of archaea; what does it mean when this term is capitalized | prokaryotic single-celled organism of primitive origin that have unusual anatomoy; refers to the domain |
| def of morphology | the study of organismic structure |
| why are koch postulates important | the are a series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused |
| prokaryotes: cell wall- what is the function; what has greater pressure internal or external cell pressure; what is the main component of the cell wall | determines the cell shape, prvents lysis or collapsing due to changing osmotic pressures; bursting; internal cell pressure; peptidoglycan |
| prokaryotes: cell wall- def of peptidoglycocan; what drugs target this chain to treat infections | unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross lined by short peptide fragments; penicillins and cephalosporins |
| gran positive bacterial cell wall: is it thick or thin; composed of what; what is the purpose of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid; how permeable is it to molecules; does it have an outher membrane | thick; peptidoglycan; functions in cell wall maintainance during division, moves cations across cell envelope, stimulates immune response; very permeable; no |
| gram negative bacterial cell wall:is it thick or thin; how many layers; name the layers; the outer layer contains lipoproteins, what is the purpose; | thin; 4; periplasmic space, thin peptidoglycan layer, periplasmic space, outer membrane; can cause cardiogenic shock, may block immune response |
| gram negative bacterial cell wall: is it more permable or less permeable to other substances; does it have an outer membrane; the outer membrane makes this type bacteria more impervious to what; why are different drugs needed for different type bacteris | less; yes; chemicals and dyes, bc drugs need to be able to cross outer membrane, |
| cell wall structure in gram positive and negative: why are the lipoproteins called endotoxins; | b/c they stimulate fever and shock reactions in gram negative infections |
| nontypical cell walls: give 2 examples of bacterial groups that lack typical cell wall structure; gram posite with mycolic acid are resistance to what; this resistance is basis for what type of stain; | mycobacterium and nocardia; certain chemicals and dyes; aicd fast stain |
| nontypical cell walls: some organisms have no what; these are called what; def of pleomorphism; what needs to be added for artificial growth | cell wall; mycoplasmas; these cells have many variations and shapes; sterols |
| prokaryotes: cell membrane- def; what is the fluid mosaic model; | thin flexible sheet molded around cytoplasm composed of lip bilayer and proteins; it describes a membrane as a continuous bilayer formed by lipids with the polar heads oriented to outside and non polar to center |
| prokaryotes: cell membrane- functions; it is selectively what | site for ATP reactions, nutrient processing, synthesis of molecules, passage of mutrients into cell and discharge of waste; permeable; |
| prokaryotes: cel cytosol- what surrounds this; aka; composed of what; what is purpose | the cell membrane; cytoplasmic matrix; H2O; a solvent for materials used in all cell functions |
| prokaryotes: nucleoid- what is located here; how many chromosomes; is this area dense | bacterial chromosomes; 1 circular; yes; |
| prokaryotes: plasmids- what is this; what happens to these during reproductions; | nonessential pieces of DNA that exist apart of chromosomes; they are duplicated and passed to their offspring; |
| prokaryotes: plasmids- how do these help woth pathogenicity | the often confer protective trains such as drug resistance or the production of toxins and enzymes when the genes are expressed. |
| prokaryotes: ribosomes- composed of what; how many subunits are there; how do they differ then eukaryotic ones; function | RNA and protein; 2 (large and small); in there size and number of proteins- they are smaller and less proteins; protein synthesis |
| prokaryotes: inclusions- aka; what are they; when are they used | inclusion bodies; stored nutrients; as environmental sources of these nutrients become depleted the bacterial cell can mobilize its owh storehouse as required |
| prokaryotes: actin cytoskeleton: composed of what; assosiated with what other 2 strucutures; function | long polymers of actin filament with in the cytoskeleton; cell membrane and wall; contributes to cell shape |
| bacterial endospores: def; how many phase life cycle does it have ; name the 2 phases; when is vegatative phase active; when is endospore stage active; | inert, resting, resitant cells produced by some Gram postives;2 phase; vegatative cell and endospore phase; when cell is reproducing; produced when cell is exposed to adverse environmental condtitions; |
| def of sporulation; what are they called when released; def of germination; | formation of endospores in adverse environments; spores; the return of a spore to its vegatative state; |
| what is the hardiest of all life forms; | bacterial spores; |
| endospore: what is the cause of high resistance; are the hydrated or dehydrated; are the metobolically active or inactive; what are the 2 coats; what destroyes them | linked to hign levels of calcuim and dipilinic acid; dehydrated;inactive; cortex and spore; pressurized steam; |
| bacterial shapes, arrangemtns and sizes: what are the 3 shpes of bacteria; the pleral name will have what at end | coccus, bacillus or spiral; i; |
| bacterial shapes, arrangemtns and sizes: coccus- shape; diplicoccus means what; streptococcus def; staphylococcus; tetrad def; drf sarcina; | spherical or bean or oval shaped; 2; chain of 3 or maore cells; a grape like cluster; 4 cells in a square; cube or 8 or more and has to be 3 D; |
| bacterial shapes, arrangemtns and sizes: bacillus- shape; diplobacillus def; def streptobacillus; | rod shaped; 2- they do not hsve to be attached; chain of 3 - note they may be curveed but will appear boxy; |
| bacterial shapes, arrangemtns and sizes: spiral- name 2 types; shape of spirillium; pleural name for spirillium; shape for spirochete; pleural name for spirochete; | spirochete and spirillium; lazy s; spirilla;corkscrew and tightly coiled; spirochete; |
| bacterial shapes, arrangemtns and sizes: vibrio- shape; pleural name for it; what is pleural name for sarcina | comma shped; vibrios; sarcinae |
| what is the widely used reference for classifiing bacterias; def of phylogenetic; | bergy's manural of syste,atic bacteriology; classification based on genetic information; |
| archaea: how many cells; domain; what is structure similar to; what kind of environments do they live in; | one; archaea; prokaryotes; harsh ones; |
| def of pleomorphism | normal variatability of cell shapes in a single species |
| eukaryotes: how long ago did they appear on the planet; what type of organism did they evoled from; def of symbiosis; | 2 billion years ago;prokaryotic organism; theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose when a much larger prokaryotic cell engulfed smaller bacterial cells that began to live inside the prokaryotic cell |
| eukaryote: how did organelles develop | from prokaryotic cells trapped inside them, |
| eukaryotes: what kind are always unicellular; what kind may be unicellular or multicellular; what kind is multicellular except reproductive stage; what is a helminth | protozoa; fungi and algae; helminths; animals with unicellular egg or larval forms |
| eukaryotes: what is located externally; what is in boundry of cell; what is located internally | appendages and glycocalyx; cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane; cytoplasmic matrix, nucleus, organelles, ribosomes, cytoskeleton |
| eukaryotes: what is the glycocalyx made of ; what is nucleus made of; what is organelles made of; what is cytoskeleton made of; | slimes or capsules; nuclear envelope, nucleolus and chromosomes; ribosomes, golgi complex, mitochondria, chloroplasts; microtubules and microfilaments; |
| compare/contrast prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses: genetics- what one has . . nucleic acid; chromosomes; true nucleus; nuclear envelope | P,E, V; P,E; E; E |
| compare/contrast prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses: reproduction- what one has . . mitosis; production of sex cells; binary fission; | E; E and sometimes P; E and P |
| compare/contrast prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses: Biosynthesis- what one has/ is . . . independant; golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; ribosomes | P,E; E; E; P, E |
| compare/contrast prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses: respiration- what one has . . enzymes; mitochondria | P, E; E |
| compare/contrast prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses: photosynthesis- what one has . . pigments; chlroplasts | sometimes P and sometimes E; sometimes E |
| compare/contrast prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses: motility- what one has . . flagella; cilia | sometimes P and sometimes E; sometimes E |
| compare/contrast prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses: shape/ protection- what one has . . cel membrane; cell wall; capsule | P,E, and sometimes V; P, sometimes E; sometimes P and E; |
| compare/contrast prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses: size of P; E; and V | 0.5-3 micrometers; 2-100 micrometers; less then 2 micrometers |
| eukaryotes: pseudopods- aka; what type of eukaryote has them; what is the motion; they serve what other function for amoebas; | protozoan; false feet; amoeboid motion; feeding structure |
| eukaryotes: fungi: what class is it in; what are the 2 groups; example of macroscopic; example of microscopic | a kingdom; microscopic and macroscopic; mushroom; yeasts and molds; |
| eukaryotes: yeast- how are the colonies simlar to bacteria; what kingdom is it in | soft uniform texture and appearance; fungus |
| eukaryotes:pseudohypha- def; because of this formation it is not true what | a chain of easily separated spherical to sausage shaped yeast cells partitioned by constriction rather then by septa; hypha like that of molds |
| eukaryotes: dimorphic- these fungi can take any form of what; why do they chagne forms | they can be either in yeast or hyphae form; it depends on the growth conditions like change in temp; |
| eukaryotes: saprobe- what type of organism is like this; def; what is a substrate | fungi; these organisms obtain substrates from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats; nutrients made of organic materials |
| eukaryotes: mycoses- aka | fungal infections |
| eukaryotes: mycelium- def; | the woven, interwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of mold |
| eukaryotes: septa- def; can the partitions be solid or have small holes | the cross walls that divided fungi and hyphae into segments; yes |
| eukaryotes: chitin- what is it; def; similar to what | a polysaccharide; this makes up the horny substance of the exoskeleton of arthropods and certain fungi; cellulose |
| eukaryotes:mold spores- the primary reproductive mode for fungi is what; how do they disperse through out the environment so easily; when does a spore germinate | spores; b/c tehy are compact and lightweight; when it finds a favorable substance |
| eukaryotes: asexual spore formation- they are the products of what; what is name of 2 subtypes; def of sporangiospores; def of conidia; | mitotic division of a single parent cell; sporangiospores and conidia; have saclike head attached to stalk; free spores not enclosed by a sac |
| eukaryotes: sexual spore formation- how are they formed | through process involving fusing 2 parent nuclei followed by meiosis; |
| eukaryotes: fruiting bodies- | |
| eukaryotes: asexual spore formation- what happens when the sacs of the sporangiospores ruptures; what is the name of the saclike head of the sporangiospores; what type of asexial are most common; conidia is aka; | the spores are released; sporangium; conidia; conidiospores; |
| eukaryotes: arthrospore- def | a fungal spore formed by septation and fragmentation of hyphae |
| eukaryotes: undulating membrane- def ; it is an extension of what | flagella are attached along the length of the cell by this; cytoplasmic membrane |
| eukaryotes: trophozoite- def; this stage needs what in order to stay active | motile feeding stage of protozoa; ample food and moisture |
| eukaryotes: encystment- def; what happens to the cell during this stage; what does the ectoplasm do; cells in this stage are more resistant to what; | dormant resting stage of protozoe; it rounds; secretes a tough thick cuticle around cell membrane; heat,drying and chemicals; |
| eukaryotes: sporozoite - def; it is the infectious form of what parasite; | one of the many minute elongated bodies generated by multiple division of the oocyst; maleria |
| eukaryote- vector: def; the live animal transmit what to what; give example | a genetic element such as a plasmid or a bacteriophage used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiements; infectious material from one host to another; mosquitoes |
| eukaryote: Helminths- what are the 2 kinds; why are they included in microorganisms; | tape worm, roundworms; b/c eggs and larvea have to be seen with microscope; |
| eukaryote: flatworms- what are they; what does body look like; what are they subdivided into; | helminths; very thin segmented; cestodes and trematodes |
| eukaryote: helminths: flat worms: aka cestodes, why?; aka trematodes, what does their body look like | tapeworm, b/c of their ribbonlike arrangement; flukes, flat ovoid bodies |
| eukaryote- helmitnhs: round worms are aka | nematodes |
| name two typesw of fungal infections in humans; name two types of protozoan infections in humans; name two helminth infections in humans; | candida albicans and microsporum (cause for ringwomr); trichomoniasis vaginalis and P. maleria (maleria); enterobius vermicularis (pinwoarm) and cestodes) |
| helminths: what is the complete life cycle; what provides food for it to develop into larvae; where do they reproduce | fertilized egg, larval and adult stage; the egg; in host body sexually; |
| fungi: how do they reproduce; the spores are not to be confused with what type of spore; how do they aquire their nutrients | the produce vairous spores; the bacterial one; organically through substrates; |
| protist: are they single or multi celled; how do they get nutrietns; how do they reproduce | single; organic substrates; asexual mitotic division |
| autotrophs: what is their energy source; what is their soal source of carbon; what are the 2 types; | nonliving environement; carbon; photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs; |
| autotrophs- photoautotrophs: what is energy source; what is carbon source; they capture the energy of what; example; | sunlight; co2; the light rays; algae, plants; cyanobacteria |
| autotrophs- chemoautotrophs: what is energy source; wjat os carbon source; what is ex of nutrient; example; | simple inorganic; co2; minerals; methanogens or lithoautotrophic bacteria |
| autotroph: def; they have the ability to convert CO2 into what; this ability to convert CO2 makes them non-dependant on what; | a organism that uses inorganic CO2 as carbon source; organic compounds; living things; |
| Heterotrophs: def; they are dependent on what; what are the 4 kinds; what is the most common kind; what is energy source; what is its carbon source | an organism must obtain its carbon in an organic form; other life forms; photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, saprobe, parasite; chemoheterotrophs; other organisms or sunlight; organic |
| heterotrophs: photoheterotroph- what is energy source; what is carbon source; examples | sunlight; organic; purple and green photosynthetic bacteria; |
| heterotrophs: chemoheterotrophs- energy source; carbon source; example; processing these organic compounds releases what ; what are the 2 types | metabolic conversion of nutrients from other organisms; organic; protozoa, fungi, many bacteria, animals; ATP; saprobes and parasites |
| heterotrophs: chemoheterotrophs- saprobe- energy source; carbon source; example; aka; they recycle what; what is cell wall like; this rigid cell wall does not allow them to do what | metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms; organic; fungi, bacteria; decomposers; nutrients; rigid; engulf large particles of food |
| heterotrophs: chemoheterotrophs- parasites- energy source; carbon source; example; why are parasites pathogens; def. ectoparasite; def endoparasites; def intracellular parasites; obligate parasites | utilizing the tissues, fluids of a live host; organic;various parasites & pathogens, can be bacteria, fungi, protozoa and animals;they cause damage to tissues even death;live on the body;live in organs/tissues;live within cells;unable to grow outside host |
| heterotrophs: chemoheterotrophs- saprobe- to compensate for not being able to engulf large particles what do they do; what do enzymes do; | they release enzymes to the extracellular; break up larger molecules so they can be engulfed |
| cells always take in what; cells always transport what; this process has to carry on in order to what | nutrient; waste; the cell to continue living |
| movement of chemicals across a cell membrane: what are the passive processes; | diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis; |
| movement of chemicals across a cell membrane: osmosis- def; the movement is from high to low or low to high concentration gradiant; | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; high to low; |
| movement of chemicals across a cell membrane: osmosis- what does it mean that the membrane is selectively permeable; when there is a selectively permeable membrane what will vary on either side of membrane; | the passageways that allow free diffusion of water but can block certain other dissolved molecules; solutes |
| remember solutes____ | suck |
| def of diffusion | the net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient |
| is the molecular movement faster or slower as the tempurature increases; what is this called | it is faster ; thermal movement |
| def of passive transport | the processes of this means the cell does not expend estra energy for them to function |
| osmosis: can most water molecules pass through the membrane; the osmotic relationship between cells and their environement is determined by what | yes; the relative concentration of the solutions on either side of the cell membrane |
| osmosis: isotonic- def;what is the change in cell volume; this si the most stable what; what is most likely to be living in this habitat;is solute concentration of external environment lower, higher or equal to the cell's; | the environment is equal in solute concentration to the cells' internal environment; none; environment for cells; parasites; equal |
| osmosis: hypotonic- def; what is the net direction of osmosis; what can happen to the cell; why is slight hypotonicity tolerated well by bacteria; is solute concentration of external environment lower, higher or equal to the cell's; | the solute concentration of the externla environment is lower than that of the cell's internal environment; from the solution into the cell wall; if they do not have a cell wall they can burst; b/c of their rigid wall cells; lower |
| osmosis: hypertonic- def; what is the the net concentration of osmosis; this has high ___ pressure; is solute concentration of external environment lower, higher or equal to the cell's; what happens to the cell | the environment has a higher solute concetration than the cytoplasm; the water diffuses out of the cell walls; osmotic pressure; higher; it shrinks/ becomes distorted |
| hypertonic has more ___ and less ___ molecules; hypotonic has more ____ and less ___; | solutes and less waterr; water molecules and less solutes |
| hypotonic: cells with out cell walls are more likely to ___ | burst |
| Diffusion: def; random thermal movement of molecules will eventually distribute the molecules where; diffusion of molecules is determined by what 2 things; | when atoms or molecules move in a gradient from an area of higher density or concentration to an area of lower density or concentration;from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration;concentration gradient & permeability of substan |
| diffusion: simple/ passive diffusion is for what type of molecules; ex | small nonpolar molecules; perfume spreading through room |
| osmosis involves ___; diffusion involevs ___ | water; molecules |
| ficilitated diffusion: def; what happens to protein once substance is transported; carrier proteins exhibit specificity, whatis this; | passive transport mechanism that utilizes a carrier protein in the membrane that will bind a specific substance; it assume original shape; they bind and transport ibky a single type molecule |
| faciliated diffusion: saturation is a charecteristic of this process, what is saturation; so sbustance concentration increases so does what; when does competition occur in FD; | this is the rate of a substance is limited by the number of binding sites on the transport proteins; rate of transport; when 2 molecules of similar shape can bind to same binding site on a protein |
| faciliated diffusion: bonding of molecule to protein causes change in what; this is most important in eukaryotes or prokaryotes; is there a membrane; | in protein that faciliates the molecules passage; eukaryotes; yes |
| active transport: in this nutrients are trnsported against what; if nutrients are transported in same direction as the natural gradient the rate is faster or slower than diffusion; this requires teh presence of ___; what items require active transport; | the diffusion gradient; faster; membrane proteins; monosaccharides, amino acids, organic acids, phosphates, metal ions; |
| active transport: this requires expenditure of additional cellular ___ in form of ___; the specialized pumps can rapidly carrier what | energy in form of ATP; ions like K+, Na+. H+ across membrane; |
| active transport: group translocation- type of what; def; this method is used by certain bacteria to transport what; | active transport; couples the transport of a nutrient with its conversion to a substance that is immediately useful inside the cell; sugars and phosfates added to start next stage in metabolism |
| Endocytosis: this is a form of what; used for transporting what; def; | active transport; large molecules, particles; substances are not physically passed through membrane but carried into cell |
| sodium-potassium exchange pump: form of what; moves sodium ions where; moves potassium ions where; carrier protein for this exchange embedded where; ATP is broken down to what; the carrier protein has to chagne shape in order to what; | active transport; out of cell; into cell; in cell membrane; ADP and phosphate; fit with either sodium or potassium; |
| Endocytosis: the cell encloses what in its membrane; the cell engulfs what; what are 2 types; def of phagocytosis; | substance; substnace; phagocytosis and pinocytosis; amoebas and WBCs ingest whole cells or large solid matter; |
| Endocytosis: def of pinocytosis; this is prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells; | the transport of liquids like oils in a solution; eukaryotics; |
| bulk transport: def; includes what three active transports; | mass transprot of large particles cell and liquids by engulfment of veiscle formtation; phagocytosis, pinocytosis and endocytosis; |
| nutrition: all microbes require 6 bioelements, what are they; | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitreogen, phosphorus, sulfur |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: tempurature- can microbial cells control their temp; since they cannot control their temp what temp do they assume; microbes are identified by their optimal what | no; temp of the natural habitat; temp |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: tempurature- the minimum temp is what; def of max temp; def of optimal temp; | lowerst temp that permits microbe growth; highest temp for growth; intermeidal between min and max this promotes fastest rate of growth and metabolism; |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: tempurature- psychrophile- def; true psychrophile cannot grow above what; def of psychrotrophs/facultative psychrohphiles; | organism that has optimum temp below 15 degrees C capable of growth and 0 degrees C; 20 degrees C; grow slowly in cold and have optimum temp > 20 degrees C |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: tempurature- mesophiles: def; what is optimum growth temp for these; what geograph. regions are they located; most human pathogens like what temp; | organisms that grow at intermediate temps; 20-40 degrees C; teperate, subtropical and tropical regions; 30-40 degrees c; |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: tempurature- theromophiles- def ; what is temp they like; what are hyperthermophiles; ex where they live | a microbe that grows optimally at temperatures greater then 45 degrees celcius; 45-80 degrees celcius; grow from 80-120 degrees C; volcanic areas |
| what is human body temp | 37 degrees celcius |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: gas requirements- what are the 2 atmospheric gases that most influence microbial growth; what of the 2 has biggest impact on microbial growth; as O2 enters into cellular reactions int transforms into what; | O2 and CO2; O2; several toxic products; |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: gas requirements- if a microbe can use oxygen it is b/c it has ___ to kill O2 toxic products; give 2 examples of enzymes used; the enzymes are essensial for anaerobic or aerobic organisms | enzymes; superoxide dismutase and catalase; aerobic; |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: gas- def or aerobe; def obligate aerobe; def facultative anaerobe; def microaerophile | can use gaseous oxygen; cannot grow w/o oxygen; an aerobe that does not require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in the absence of it; does not grow at norm.atmospheric concetrations of O2 but requires a small ammount of it in metabolism |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: gas- def anaerobe; def strict/obligate anaerobe; aerotolerant anaerobes | lack metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen in respiration; lack enzymes for processing toxic axygen and cannot tolerate any free oxygen in environment- will die; doesn't utilize O2 but can survie and grow in presence |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: CO2 and pH: all microbes require some __ in their metabolism; capnophiles grow best at higher or lower CO2 tension; majority of organisms live and grow in habitats of what pH | CO2; higher; 6-8 |
| environmental factors that influence microbes: CO2 and pH: def of acidophiles; def of alkalinophiles; | grow in low pH <8; basic up to 10.0, >8 |
| def of symbiosis; what is a symbiont;what are the 3 main symbiosis relationships; | situation in which 2 organisms livetogether in a close partnership; members of this relationship; mutualism, commensalism, parasitism |
| symbiosis: mutualism- def; what organisms benefit; who is harmed | when organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship; all involved; no one |
| symbiosis: commensalism- def; who benefits; who is harmed; what is a type of commensalism | the member that receives benifit while coinhabits is neither harmed nor benefitted; commensal; no one; satellitism |
| symbiosis: commensalism- satellitism- def; ex | one member provides nutritional or protective factors needed by the other organism; haemophilus influezae grows around S. aureus b/c S. aureus givesoff nutrients- w/o s. aureus the influenza could not grow. |
| symbiosis: parasitism- def; who is harmed; who benefits; | host organism provides the parasitic microbewith nutrients and a habit; host; parasite |
| def of normal microbiotia; do these cause disease; | mcirobes that normally live on the skin in the alimentary tract and in other sites in humans; no; |
| study of microbial growth: what are the 2 levels of growth; what is the basis of population growth; | cell synthesis new cell components and increases in size, the number of cells in population increases; binary fission; |
| study of microbial growth: def of binry fission; what does 2 daughter cells do; | the parent cell enlarges duplicates its chromosomes and forms a central transverse septum that divides into 2 daughter cells- reproduces; they divide into 2; |
| study of microbial growth: diagramming binary fision: we need to label what; what does parent cell 1st do to prepare for division; the duplicated chromosomes become affixed to where; as septum wall grows inwards chromosomes are pulled where; | cell wall, cell membrane, cromosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes; enlarge cell wall; cell membrane site; to opposite cell ends |
| study of microbial growth: diagramming binary fission: as cells divide what has to be patched up; some species remain attached while others separate, the ones the remain attached form what | the cell membrane; chains or doublets |
| chromosomes are double stranded what | DNA |
| study of microbial growth: binary fission- the time that is required for complete fission cycle from parent cell to 2 daughter cells is called what; cell increases in length while doing what;this type of growth is called what; generation time depends on_; | generation/dubling time; doubling all of its parts; expedential/logrithmic growth; temp, size, etc |
| study of microbial growth: binary fission- each new fission cycle increases the population by a factor of _; the doubling effect will continue at constant rate as long as what; what is the length of the generation time; what is average generation time ; | 2; environment is favorable; a measure of the growth rate; 30-60 minutes |
| study of microbial growth: binary fission- generation time- what formula is used; what is Nf; def Ni; what does eponenet n denote; | Nf= (Ni)2 with square root of 2; the toal number of cells in the population at some point in growth phase; starting number; generation number |
| study of microbial growth: population growth curve- does a population of bacteria maintain its potential growth rate and double endlessly; the population displays a predictable pattern called __; | no; growth curve; |
| study of microbial growth: population growth curve- method used to observe population pattern- tiny number of cells placed in what; the medium is then __; the broth is sampled and placed where; then the number of __ is counted after what | sterile liquid medium; incubated; in solid medium; incubation |
| study of microbial growth: population growth curve- what are the stages; | lag phase, exponential growth phase, stationary growth phase, death phase; |
| study of microbial growth:stages of growth curve- lag phase: this is aka __ period; why so flat; are cells multiplying at max rate; what is length of this period; they are preparing to do what; what increases | flat; newly inoculated cells require a period of adjustment, enlargement, and synthesis; no; varies from population to population; divide ; size of clls |
| study of microbial growth:stages of growth curve- log phase- def; cells will reach max rate of what; how long does this continue; what occurs here | the curve increases geometrically; division; as long as cells have adequate nutrietns and the environment is favorable; binary fission |
| study of microbial growth:stages of growth curve- stationary growth phase- the population enters __mode; what happens in survival mode; rate of cell inhibition balances out what; depletion of what; increase of what; | survival mode; cells stop growing or grow slowly; cell multiplication; nutrients/ O2; wastes |
| study of microbial growth:stages of growth curve- death phase- what happens to curve here; cells die at what rate | it dips; exponential rate; |
| study of microbial growth:stages of growth curve- in what phase is enviroment favorable; cells in expotential stage are at their __; in stationary phase you are less likely to transmit what; at what phase are you most likely to transmit organisms | in expotential growth phase; peak; pathogenic organisms; expodential phase; |
| nutrients: they are acquired from what; used for what; what are 2 catagories for nutrients; def of macronutrients; def of micronutrients | environment; cellular activity and growth; macro and micro; required in large quanities and play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism; trace elements involved in enzyme function |
| nutrients: def of organic nutrient; def of inorganic nutrients; | molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen, products of living things; elements other than carbon or hydrogen; |
| def og halophiles; def of barophiles ; | organism the requires a high concentration of salt; organisms the exist under pressure many times that of the autmosphere |
| pathogens: def opportunistic; def facultative; | infection can only occur if host is comprimised; when a parasite that should not normally infect a host but does at times |
| nutrients: importance of carbon; nitrogen; oxygen; hydrogen; | involved in most functions; important for structure of protein DNA RNA; structural and enzymal functions; maintains pH and accepts oxygen in respiration; |
| nonsymbiotic organisms: def antagonistic; ex of positive form of this; def of sunergism; | a competition wheen the actions of one organism affect the success or survival of others in same community;antibiotics; interrelationship between 2 or more organisms that benefits all members but is not necessary for their surviva |
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