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chap2
water and carbon:the chemical basis of life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the proposition that early in Earth's history, simple chemical compounds in the atmosphere and ocean combined to from larger, more complex substance. | Chemical evolution |
| Change through time. | Evolution |
| the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom. | Mass Number |
| Number of protons. | Atomic Number |
| Electrons move around atomic nuclei in specific regions. | Orbitals |
| Strong attraction that bind atoms together. | Chemical Bonds |
| the number of unpaired electrons found in an atom. | Valence |
| Substance that are held together by covalent bonds | Molecules |
| Characteristic number of protons. | Element |
| Forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons. | Isotopes |
| All electrons can be measured in grams, the numbers involved are small that chemists and physicists prefer to use a special unit. | Atomic mass unit |
| Each electron orbital has a distinctive shape, and each orbital can hold up to two electrons. | Electron shells |
| The outermost shell of an atom is called the atom's valence shell, and the electrons found in that shell. | Valence electrons |
| A covalent bond that is symmetrical. | Non-polar Covalent Bond |
| Atoms hold electrons in covalent bonds much more tightly than do other atoms, so the degree of sharing varies by element. | Electronegativity |
| Electrons that are completely transferred from one atom to another. | Ionic Bond |
| An atom or molecule that carries a charge. | Ion |
| The sodium ion is writtenNa+ and, like other positively charged ions. | Cation |
| A negatively charged ion, or anion, is written Cl-. | Chloride |
| The simplest representation. | Molecular Formula |
| Indicate which atome are bonded together. | Structural Formulas |
| One substance is combined with others or broken down into another substance. | Chemical Reaction |
| Refers to the number 6.022x 10^23 just as the unit called the dozen refers to the number 12 or the unit million refers to the number 1 x 10^6. | Mole |
| The sum of the mass number of all the atoms in a molecule. | Molecular Weight |
| Mixture of one or more substances dissolved in a liquid. | Solution |
| The number of oles of the substance present per liter of solution. | Molarity |
| An agent for getting substances into solution. | Solvent |
| The overall distribution of charge is asymmetrical. | Polar |
| Substance that interact with water. | Hydrophilic |
| A substance that doesn't interact with water. | Hydrophobic |
| Binding between like molecules. | Cohesion |
| Binding between unlike molecules, in contrast. | Adhesion |
| Forms in a glass of water. | Meniscus |
| Makes a water surface act as if it had an elastic membrane a property. | Surface Tension |
| The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C. | Specific Heat |
| The energy required to change 1gram of it from a liquid to a gas, is higher than that of most molecules that are liquid at room temperature. | Heat of Vaporization |
| The molecules on the right-hand side of the expression. | Hydrogen Ion and the Hydroxide Ion |
| Substances that give up protons during chemical reactions and rise the hydrogen ion concentration of water. | Acids |
| Molecules or ions that require protons during chemical reactions and lower the hydrogen ion concentration of water. | Bases |
| A chemical reaction that involes a transfer of protons. | Acid-base Reaction |
| Chemists and biologists prefer to express the concentration of proptons in a solution with a logarithmic notation. | pH |
| Compounds that minimize variation in pH. | Buffer |
| Adynamic but stable state such as this. | Chemical Equilibrium |
| A chemical equilibrium can also be altered by chages in temperature. | System |
| Transform to the gaseous state. | Endothermic |
| Transformation of water vapor to liquid water releases heat. | Exothermic |
| The capacity to do work or to supply heat. | Energy |
| Stored energy. | Potential Energy |
| The energy of motion. | Kinetic Energy |
| The kinetic energy of molecular motion. | Thermal Energy |
| An object is a measure of how much thermal energy its molecular possess. | Temperature |
| When two objects with different temperatures come into contact, thermal energy is transferred between them. | Heat |
| Which state that energy is conserved | First Law of Thermodynamics |
| The amount of disorder in a group of molecules. | Entropy |
| States that entropy always increases in an isolated system. | Second Law of Thermodynamics |
| Chemists define a quantity. | Gibbs free-energy Change |
| Chemical reactions are spontaneous when angle G is less than zero. | Exergonic |
| Reactions are nonspontaneous when angle G is greater than Zero | Endergonic |
| Enegy from protons that break molecules apart by knocking electrons away from the outer shels of atoms. | Free Radicals |
| Forms of potential energy-the potential energy stored in chemical bonds. | Chemical Energy |
| Molecules that contain carbon. | Organic |
| O-containing groups found in oeganic compounds. | Functional Groups |
| Acts as a base to attract a proton to form. | Amino |
| Aldehydes, especially, reacts with compounds of form HR2 to produce larger molecules with form. | Carbonyl |
| Acts as an acid-tends to lose a protons to form. | Carboxyl |
| Makes compounds more soluble through hydrogen bonding with water, may also act as a weak acid and drop a proton. | Hydroxl |
| When serval phosphate groups are linked together, breaking O-P bonds betwen them releases large amounts of energy. | Phosphate |
| When present in proteins, can form disulfide (S-S_ bonds that contribute to protein structure. | Sulfhydryl |
Created by:
alexis.1
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