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Water & Carbon ch.2
Water and Carbon: The chemical basis of life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an atomic number? | a characteristic number of protons |
| What are orbitals? | the specific regions the electrons move in around the nuclei |
| What are Chemical Bonds? | strong attractions that bind atoms together |
| What are Covalent Bonds? | bonds where electrons are shared |
| What is a non polar covalent bond? | a covalent bond that is symmetrical |
| what is mass number? | the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom |
| isotopes | forms of elements with different numbers of neutrons |
| electron shells | levels of orbitals |
| valence electrons | electrons in outermost shell of atom |
| molecules | substances that are held together by covalent bonds |
| electronegativity | the degree of how strong bonds are between atoms |
| ionic bonds | the gaining and losing of electrons resulting in charged ions |
| molecular formula | the simplest representation of a molecule |
| structural formula | indicates which atoms are bonded together |
| chemical reaction | when one substance is combined with others or broken down into another substance |
| molecular weight | the sum of the mass numbers of all atoms in a molecule |
| solution | a homogenous mixture of one or substances disolved in a liquid |
| molarity | the number of moles of the substance present per liter of solution |
| solvent | an agent for getting substances into solution |
| polar | the overall charge of the molecule is asymmetrical |
| hydrophilic | substances that interact with water (water loving) |
| hydrophobic | substances that do not interact with water (water hating) |
| cohesion | binding between like molecules |
| adhesion | binding between unlike molecules |
| meniscus | concave surface of water in a glass |
| surface tension | resistance of force that increases surface area |
| specific heat | the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a 1 gram substance by 1 degree C |
| heat of vaporization | the energy required to change one gram of a substance in liquid form to a gas |
| acids | increased concentration of hydrogen ions while losing protons |
| bases | acquire protons while decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions |
| chemical equilibrium | when the quantities of reactants and products remain constant although not necessarily equal |
| endothermic | absorption of heat |
| exothermic | release of heat |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| thermal energy | the kinetic energy of molecular motion |
| temperature | a measure of how much thermal energy an objects molecules possess |
| Heat | the transfer of thermal energy |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed just transfered and conserved |
| entropy | the amount of disorder in a group of molecules |
| second law of thermodynamics | entropy always increases in an isolated system |
| exergonic | chemical reactions are spontaneous when gibbs free energy change is less than zero. |
| endergonic | reactions are non spontaneous when delta G is greater than zero |
| free radicals | atoms that have unpaired electrons and are extremely unstable |
| chemical energy | the potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
Created by:
jayjohnston67
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